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Efficacy and Ecotoxicity of Novel Anti-Fouling Nanomaterials in Target and Non-Target Marine Species

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Abstract

Biofouling is a global problem that affects virtually all the immersed structures. Currently, several novel environmentally friendly approaches are being tested worldwide to decrease the toxicity of biocides in non-fouling species, such as the encapsulation/immobilization of commercially available biocides, in order to achieve control over the leaching rate. The present study addresses the toxicity of two widely used booster biocides, zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) and copper pyrithione (CuPT), in its free and incorporated forms in order to assess their toxicity and anti-fouling efficacy in target and non-target species. To achieve this goal, the following marine organisms were tested; the green microalgae Tetraselmis chuii (non-target species) and both target species, the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum and the mussel Mytilus edulis. Organisms were exposed to both biocides, two unloaded nanostructured materials and nanomaterials loaded with biocides, from 10 μg/L to 100 mg/L total weight, following standard protocols. The most eco-friendly and simultaneously efficient anti-fouling solution against the two photosynthetic species (nanoclays loaded with ZnPT) was then tested on mussels to assess its lethal efficacy (LC50 = 123 μg/L) and compared with free biocide (LC50 = 211 μg/L) and unloaded material (LC50 > 1000 μg/L). A second exposure test with sub-lethal concentrations (lower than 100 μg/L), using mussels, was carried out to assess biochemical changes caused by the tested compounds. Oxidative stress, detoxification and neurotransmission markers were not responsive; however, different antioxidant patterns were found with free ZnPT and loaded nanoclay exposures. Thus, the immobilization of the biocide ZnPT into nanoclays proved to be a promising efficient and eco-friendly anti-fouling strategy.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the BYEFOULING project, funded by European Union through the Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration (Grant agreement no. 612717). We acknowledge for the financial support to CESAM (UID/AMB/50017), CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007679; UID/CTM/50011/2013) and FCT/MEC through national funds and co-funding by the FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020. Roberto Martins and João Tedim benefitted from a Post-Doctoral grant (SFRH/BPD/93225/2013) and a Researcher grant (IF/00347/2013), respectively, awarded by the Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT), funded by the Human Potential Operational Programme (POPH) through QREN and European Social Fund (ESF) and by national funds through the Portuguese Ministry of Education and Science. Susana Loureiro has a fellowship from the program “Science Without Borders” from CAPES (Project #106/2013).

We kindly acknowledge the R&D company Lonza, particularly Dr. Peter Vanaken and Dr. Juergen Riegler, by providing both active species (CuPT and ZnPT) to be incorporated in the nanostructured material. Smallmatek also acknowledge the Polytechnic Institute of Leiria (ESTM, Peniche) by kindly providing the algal strains.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Smallmatek - Small Materials and Technologies, Lda, Rua Canhas, 3810-075, Aveiro, Portugal

    Francisco Avelelas, Tânia Oliveira, Frederico Maia & Eliana Malheiro

  2. Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    Roberto Martins, Amadeu M. V. M. Soares & Susana Loureiro

  3. CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    João Tedim

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  1. Francisco Avelelas
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Correspondence to Roberto Martins.

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Avelelas, F., Martins, R., Oliveira, T. et al. Efficacy and Ecotoxicity of Novel Anti-Fouling Nanomaterials in Target and Non-Target Marine Species. Mar Biotechnol 19, 164–174 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-017-9740-1

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