Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Characterization of the Pearl Oyster (Pinctada martensii) Mantle Transcriptome Unravels Biomineralization Genes

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Marine Biotechnology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Pearl oyster, Pinctada martensii, is a marine bivalve species widely distributed in tropic and subtropic marine coasts. Mantle is the special tissue of P. martensii that secretes biomineralization proteins inducing shell deposition as well as iridescent nacre both in the inner shell and artificial nucleus. The pearl oyster is very efficient for artificial pearl production and is therefore an ideal organism for studies into the processes of biomineralization. However, deficiency of transcriptome information limits the insight into biomineralization mechanisms and pearl formation. In this study, we sequenced and characterized the P. martensii mantle transcriptome using 454 pyrosequencing. A total of 25,723 unique transcripts were assembled from 220,824 quality reads, followed by annotation and Gene Ontology classification analysis. A total of 146 unique transcript segments homologous to 49 reference biomineralization genes were identified, including calcineurin-binding protein, amorphous calcium carbonate binding protein 1, calmodulin, calponin-like protein, carbonic anhydrase 1, glycine-rich shell matrix protein, lysine-rich matrix protein, mantle gene or protein, nacrein, pearlin, PIF, regucalcin, and shematrin. The sequence data enabled the identification of 10,285 potential single nucleotide polymorphism loci and 7,836 putative indels, providing a resource for molecular biomarker, population genetics, and functional genomic studies. A large number of candidate genes for biomineralization were identified, considerably enriching resources for the study of shell formation. These sequence data will notably advance biomineralization and transcriptome study in pearl oyster and other Pinctada species.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Addadi L, Winer S (1997) A pavement of pearl. Nature 389:912–913

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashburner M, Ball CA, Blake JA, Botstein D, Butler H, Cherry JM, Davis AP, Dolinski K, Dwight SS, Eppig JT, Harris MA, Hill DP, Issel-Tarver L, Kasarskis A, Lewis S, Matese JC, Richardson JE, Ringwald M, Rubin GM, Sherlock G (2000) Gene ontology: tool for the unification of biology. The Gene Ontology Consortium. Nat Genet 25(1):25–29

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baeuerlein E, Epple M, Behrens P (2007) Handbook of biomineralization. Wiley, Weinheim

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Belcher AM, Wu XH, Christensen RJ, Hansma PK, Stucky GD, Morse DE (1996) Control of crystal phase switching and orientation by soluble mollusc-shell proteins. Nature 381:56–58

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berman A, Addadi L, Weiner S (1988) Interactions of sea-urchin skeleton macromolecules with growing calcite crystals: a study of intracrystalline proteins. Nature 331:546–548

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowman S, Hubert S, Higgins B, Stone C, Kimball J, Borza T, Bussey JT, Simpson G, Kozera C, Curtis BA, Hall JR, Hori TS, Feng CY, Rise M, Booman M, Gamperl AK, Trippel E, Symonds J, Johnson SC, Rise ML (2011) An integrated approach to gene discovery and marker development in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Mar Biotechnol (NY) 13(2):242–255

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark MS, Thorne MA, Vieira FA, Cardoso JC, Power DM, Peck LS (2010) Insights into shell deposition in the Antarctic bivalve Laternula elliptica: gene discovery in the mantle transcriptome using 454 pyrosequencing. BMC Genom 11(1):362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craft JA, Gilbert JA, Temperton B, Dempsey KE, Ashelford K, Tiwari B, Hutchinson TH, Chipman JK (2010) Pyrosequencing of Mytilus galloprovincialis cDNAs: tissue-specific expression patterns. PLoS One 5(1):e8875

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crenshaw MA (1972) Inorganic composition of molluscan extrapallial fluid. Biol Bull 143:506–512

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Currey JD, Zioupos P, Davies P, Casino A (2001) Mechanical properties of nacre and highly mineralized bone. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 268:107–111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dove PM, De Yoreo JJ, Weiber S (2004) Biomineralization. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Elhadj S, Salter EA, Wierzbicki A, De Yoreo JJ, Han N, Dove PM (2006) Peptide controls on calcite mineralization: polyaspartate chain length affects growth kinetics and acts as a stereochemical switch on morphology. Cryst Growth Des 6:197–201

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falini G, Albeck S, Weiner S, Addad L (1996) Control of aragonite or calcite polymorphism by mollusk shell macromolecules. Science 271:67–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feng B, Dong L, Niu D, Meng S, Zhang B, Liu D, Hu S, Li J (2010) Identification of immune genes of the Agamaki clam (Sinonovacula constricta) by sequencing and bioinformatic analysis of ESTs. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 12(3):282–291

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fu G, Valiyaveettil S, Wopenka B, Morse DE (2005) CaCO3 biomineralization: acidic 8-kDa proteins isolated from aragonitic abalone shell nacre can specifically modify calcite crystal morphology. Biomacromolecules 6:1289–1298

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gotliv BA, Addadi L, Weiner S (2003) Mollusk shell acidic proteins: in search of individual functions. Chem Biochem 4:522–529

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn DA, Ragland GJ, Shoemaker DD, Denlinger DL (2009) Gene discovery using massively parallel pyrosequencing to develop ESTs for the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis. BMC Genom 10(1):234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hale MC, McCormick CR, Jackson JR, DeWoody JA (2009) Next-generation pyrosequencing of gonad transcriptomes in the polyploid lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens): the relative merits of normalization and rarefaction in gene discovery. BMC Genom 10:203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hosoda N, Sugawara A, Kato T (2003) Template effect of crystalline poly(vinyl alcohol) for selective formation of aragonite and vaterite CaCO3 thin films. Macromolecules 36:6449–6452

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hou R, Bao Z, Wang S, Su H, Li Y, Du H, Hu J, Wang S, Hu X (2011) Transcriptome sequencing and de novo analysis for Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) using 454 GS FLX. PLoS One 6(6):e21560

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huan P, Wang H, Liu B (2012) Transcriptomic analysis of the clam Meretrix meretrix on different larval stages. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 14(1):69–78

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang J, Zhang C, Ma ZJ, Xie LP, Zhang RQ (2007) A novel extracellular EF-hand protein involved in the shell formation of pearl oyster. Biochim Biophys Acta 1770(7):1037–1044

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huse SM, Huber JA, Morrison HG, Sogin ML, Welch DM (2007) Accuracy and quality of massively parallel DNA pyrosequencing. Genome Biol 8(7):R143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson DJ, McDougall C, Green K, Simpson F, Wörheide G, Degnan BM (2006) A rapidly evolving secretome builds and patterns a sea shell. BMC Biol 4:40

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson DJ, McDougall C, Woodcroft B, Moase P, Rose RA, Kube M, Reinhardt R, Rokhsar DS, Montagnani C, Joubert C, Piquemal D, Degnan BM (2010) Parallel evolution of nacre building gene sets in molluscs. Mol Biol Evol 27(3):591–608

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinoshita S, Wang N, Inoue H, Maeyama K, Okamoto K, Nagai K, Kondo H, Hirono I, Asakawa S, Watabe S (2011) Deep sequencing of ESTs from nacreous and prismatic layer producing tissues and a screen for novel shell formation-related genes in the pearl oyster. PLoS One 6(6):e21238

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kong YW, Jing G, Yan ZG, Li CZ, Gong NP, Zhu FJ, Li DX, Zhang YR, Zheng GL, Wang HZ, Xie LP, Zhang RQ (2009) Cloning and characterization of prisilkin-39, a novel matrix protein serving a dual role in the prismatic layer formation from the oyster Pinctada fucata. J Biol Chem 284:10841–10854

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kono M, Hayashi N, Samata T (2000) Molecular mechanism of the nacreous layer formation in Pinctada maxima. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 269:213–218

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kristiansson E, Asker N, Förlin L, Larsson DGJ (2009) Characterization of the Zoarces viviparus liver transcriptome using massively parallel pyrosequencing. BMC Genom 10(1):345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levi-Kalisman Y, Falini G, Addadi L, Weiner S (2001) Structure of the shell layer of the nacreous organic matrix of a bivalve mollusk shell examined in the hydrated state using cryo-TEM. J Struct Biol 135:8–17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin AYM, Chen PY, Meyers MA (2008) The growth of nacre in the abalone shell. Acta Biomaterialia 4:131–138

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu S, Zhou Z, Lu J, Sun F, Wang S, Liu H, Jiang Y, Kucuktas H, Kaltenboeck L, Peatman E, Liu Z (2011) Generation of genome-scale gene-associated SNPs in catfish for the construction of a high-density SNP array. BMC Genom 12:53

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowenstam HA, Weiner S (1989) On biomineralization. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann S (2001) Biomineralization: principles and concepts in bioinorganic materials chemistry. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann S (2002) Biomineralization. Oxford University Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Marin F, Luquet G (2004) Molluscan shell proteins. Comptes Rendus Palevol 3:469–492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marin F, Luquet G (2005) Molluscan biomineralization: the proteinaceous shell constituents of Pinna nobilis L. Mater Sci Eng C 25:105–111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marin F, Corstjens P, de Gaulejac B, de Vrind-De Jong E, Westbroek P (2000) Mucins and molluscan calcification. Molecular characterization of mucoperlin, a novel mucin-like protein from the nacreous shell layer of the fan mussel Pinna nobilis (Bivalvia, Pteriomorphia). J Biol Chem 275(27):20667–20675

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marin F, Luquet G, Marie B, Medakovic D (2008) Molluscan shell proteins: primary structure, origin and evolution. Curr Top Dev Biol 80:209–276

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsunaga T, Sakaguchi T (2000) Molecular mechanism of magnet formation in bacteria. J Biosci Bioeng 90:1–13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer E, Aglyamova GV, Wang S, Buchanan-Carter J, Abrego D, Colbourne JK, Willis BL, Matz MV (2009) Sequencing and de novo analysis of a coral larval transcriptome using 454 GSFlx. BMC Genom 10:219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miyamoto H, Miyashita T, Okushima M, Nakano S, Morita T, Matsushiro A (1996) A carbonic anhydrase from the nacreous layer in oyster pearls. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:9657–9660

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyamoto H, Yano M, Miyashita T (2003) Similarities in the structure of nacrein, the shell-matrix protein, in a bivalve and a gastropod. J Molluscan Stud 69:87–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miyamoto H, Miyoshi F, Kohno J (2005) The carbonic anhydrase domain protein nacrein is expressed in the epithelial cells of the mantle and acts as a negative regulator in calcification in the mollusc Pinctada fucata. Zool Sci 22:311–315

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyashita T, Takagi R, Nakano S, Okushima M, Miyamoto H, Nishikawa E, Matsushiro A (2000) Complementary DNA cloning and characterization of pearlin, a new class of matrix protein in the nacreous layer of oyster pearls. Mar Biotechnol 2:409–418

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyazaki Y, Nishida T, Aoki H, Samata T (2010) Expression of genes responsible for biomineralization of Pinctada fucata during development. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 155(3):241–248

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murayama E, Okuno A, Ohira T, Takagi Y, Nagasawa H (2000) Molecular cloning and expression of an otolith matrix protein cDNA from the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 126:511–520

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murayama E, Takagi Y, Ohira T, Davis JG, Greene MI, Nagasawa H (2002) Fish otolith contains a unique structural protein, otolin-1. Eur J Biochem 269:688–696

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagaraj SH, Gasser RB, Ranganathan S (2007) A hitchhiker's guide to expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis. Brief Bioinform 8(1):6–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ning Z, Cox AJ, Mullikin JC (2001) SSAHA: a fast search method for large DNA databases. Genome Res 11:1725–1729

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oaki K, Imai H (2005) The hierarchical architecture of nacre and its mimetic material. Angew Chem Int Ed 44:6571–6575

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ozaki N, Sakuda S, Nagasawa H (2001) Isolation and some characterization of an acidic polysaccharide with anti-calcification activity from coccoliths of a marine alga, Pleurochrysis carterae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 65:2330–2333

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiao L, Feng QL, Li Z, Lu SS (2008) Alternate deposition of oriented calcite and amino acid layer on calcite substrates. J Phys Chem B 112:13635–13640

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajendran KV, Zhang J, Liu S, Kucuktas H, Wang X, Liu H, Sha Z, Terhune J, Peatman E, Liu Z (2012) Pathogen recognition receptors in channel catfish: I. Identification, phylogeny and expression of NOD-like receptors. Dev Comp Immunol 37(1):77–86

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Römisch K, Collie N, Soto N, Logue J, Lindsay M, Scheper W, Cheng C-HC (2003) Protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane in cold-adapted organisms. J Cell Sci 116:2875–2883

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothberg JM, Leamon JH (2008) The development and impact of 454 sequencing. Nat Biotechnol 26(10):1117–1124

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau M, Lopez E, Coute A, Mascarel G, Smith DC, Naslain R, Bourrat X (2005a) Sheet nacre growth mechanism: a Voronoi model. J Struct Biol 149:149–157

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau M, Lopez E, Stempfle P, Brendle M, Franke L, Guette A, Naslain R, Bourrat X (2005b) Multiscale structure of sheet nacre. Biomaterials 26:6254–6262

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samata T, Hayashi N, Kono M, Hasegawa K, Horita C, Akera S (1999) A new matrix protein family related to the nacreous layer formation of Pinctada fucata. FEBS Lett 462:225–229

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sambrook J, Russell DW (2001) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Shen X, Belcher AM, Hansma PK, Stucky GD, Morse DE (1997) Molecular cloning and characterization of lustrin A, a matrix protein from shell and pearl nacre of Haliotis rufescens. J Biol Chem 272:32472–32481

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shendure J, Ji H (2008) Next-generation DNA sequencing. Nat Biotechnol 26(10):1135–1145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi YH, Wang Y, Hong K, Hou ZH, Wang AM, Guo XM (2009a) Characterization of 31 EST-derived microsatellite markers for the pearl oyster Pinctada martensii (Dunker). Mol Ecol Resour 9(1):177–179

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi YH, Hong K, Guo XM, Gu ZF, Wang Y, Wang AM (2009b) Genetic linkage map of the pearl oyster, Pinctada martensii (Dunker). Aquac Res 41:35–44

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiba K, Minamisawa T (2007) A synthesis approach to understanding repeated peptides conserved in mineralization proteins. Biomacromolecules 8:2659–2664

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sigel H, Sigel A, Sigel RKO (2008) Biomineralization: from nature to application. Wiley, Chichester

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Simkiss K, Wilbur KM (1989) Crustacea—the dynamics of epithelial movement. In: Simkiss K, Wilbur KM (eds) Biomineralization: cell biology and mineral deposition. Academic, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • Southgate PC, Lucas JS (2008) The pearl oyster. Elsevier, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Sudo S, Fujikawa T, Nagakura T, Ohkubo T, Sakaguchi K, Tanaka M, Nakashima K, Takahashi T (1997) Structures of mollusc shell framework proteins. Nature 387:563–564

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki M, Murayama E, Inoue H, Ozaki N, Tohse H, Kogure T, Nagasawa H (2004) Characterization of Prismalin-14, a novel matrix protein from the prismatic layer of the Japanese pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata. Biochem J 382:205–213

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki M, Saruwatari K, Kogure T, Yamamoto Y, Nishimura T, Kato T, Nagasawa H (2009) An acidic matrix protein, Pif, is a key macromolecule for nacre formation. Science 325:1388–1390

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vera JC, Wheat CW, Fescemyer HW, Frilander MJ, Crawford DL, Hanski I, Marden JH (2008) Rapid transcriptome characterization for a nonmodel organism using 454 pyrosequencing. Mol Ecol 17(7):1636–1647

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang S, Peatman E, Abernathy J, Waldbieser G, Lindquist E, Richardson P, Lucas S, Wang M, Li P, Thimmapuram J, Liu L, Vullaganti D, Kucuktas H, Murdock C, Small BC, Wilson M, Liu H, Jiang YL, Lee Y, Chen F, Lu JG, Wang WQ, Xu P, Somridhivej B, Baoprasertkul P, Quilang J, Sha ZX, Bao BL, Wang YP, Wang Q, Takano T, Nandi S, Liu SK, Wong LL, Kaltenboeck L, Quiniou S, Bengten E, Miller N, Trant J, Rokhsar D, Liu ZJ, The Catfish Genome Consortium (2010) Assembly of 500,000 inter-specific catfish expressed sequence tags and large scale gene-associated marker development for whole genome association studies. Genome Biol 11(1):R8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang AM, Wang Y, Gu ZF, Li SF, Shi YH, Guo XM (2011) Development of expressed sequence tags from the pearl oyster, Pinctada martensii Dunker. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 13(2):275–283

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber AP, Weber KL, Carr K, Wilkerson C, Ohlrogge JB (2007) Sampling the Arabidopsis transcriptome with massively parallel pyrosequencing. Plant Physiol 144(1):32–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner S, Addadi L (1991) Acidic macromolecules of mineralized tissues: the controllers of crystal formation. Trends Biochem Sci 16:252–256

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner S, Dove PM (2003) An overview of biomineralization processes and the problem of the vital effect. In: Dove PM, De Yoreo JJ, Weiner S (eds) Biomineralization, vol 54. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss IM, Kaufmann S, Mann K, Fritz M (2000) Purification and characterization of perlucin and perlustrin, two new proteins from the shell of the mollusk Haliotis laevigata. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 267:17–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilbur KM, Bernhardt AM (1984) Effects of amino acids, magnesium, and molluscan extrapallial fluid on crystallization of calcium carbonate: in vitro experiments. Biol Bull 166:251–259

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wise SW (1970) Microarchitecture and deposition of gastropod nacre. Science 167:1486–1488

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto Y, Nishimura T, Sugawara A, Inoue H, Nagasawa H, Kato T, Sondi I, Škapin SD, Salopek-Sondi B (2008) Biomimetic precipitation of nanostructured effects of peptides on CaCO3 crystallization: mineralization properties of an acidic colloidal calcite particles by enzyme-catalyzed reactions in the presence of peptide isolated from exoskeleton of crayfish and its derivatives. Cryst Growth Des 8:4062–4065

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yan Z, Jing G, Gong N, Li C, Zhou Y, Xie L, Zhang R (2007) N40, a novel nonacidic matrix protein from pearl oyster nacre, facilitates nucleation of aragonite in vitro. Biomacromolecules 8:3597–3601

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yano M, Nagai K, Morimoto K, Miyamoto H (2006) Shematrin: a family of glycine-rich structural proteins in the shell of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 144(2):254–262

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yúfera M, Halm S, Beltran S, Fusté B, Planas JV, Martínez-Rodríguez G (2011) Transcriptomic characterization of the larval stage in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) by 454 pyrosequencing. Mar Biotechnol (NY). doi:10.1007/s10126-011-9422-3

  • Zhang C, Zhang R (2006) Matrix proteins in the outer shells of molluscs. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 8:572–586

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Xie L, Meng Q, Jiang T, Pu R, Chen L, Zhang R (2003) A novel matrix protein participating in the nacre framework formation of pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 135:565–573

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang C, Li S, Ma Z, Xie L, Zhang R (2006) A novel matrix protein p10 from the nacre of pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata) and its effects on both CaCO3 crystal formation and mineralogenic cells. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 8:624–633

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao X, Wang Q, Jiao Y, Huang R, Deng Y, Wang H, Du X (2012) Identification of genes potentially related to biomineralization and immunity by transcriptome analysis of pearl sac in pearl oyster Pinctada martensii. Mar Biotechnol (NY). doi:10.1007/s10126-012-9438-3

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was funded by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program 2010CB126405), the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program, 2006AA10A409), and the National Science Foundation of China (30640440657, 30960295, and 31060354)

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aimin Wang.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

ESM 1

Online Resource 1 Database of mantle unique transcripts (TXT 12902 kb)

ESM 2

Online Resource 2 Database of mantle unique transcripts annotation in SWISSPROT, TREMBL, and NR (XLS 1820 kb)

ESM 3

Online Resource 3 Mantle KEGG pathway information (XLS 205 kb)

ESM 4

Online Resource 4 Mantle KEGG enzyme information (XLS 82 kb)

ESM 5

Online Resource 5 Mantle SNP information (XLS 2025 kb)

ESM 6

Online Resource 6 Mantle INDEL information (XLS 1506 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Shi, Y., Yu, C., Gu, Z. et al. Characterization of the Pearl Oyster (Pinctada martensii) Mantle Transcriptome Unravels Biomineralization Genes. Mar Biotechnol 15, 175–187 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-012-9476-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-012-9476-x

Keywords

Navigation