Abstract
A large body of evidence suggests that there is a significant underconsumption of omega-3, long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) and that this is the cause of multiple chronic diseases and developmental aberrations. The scope for increasing omega-3 LC-PUFA consumption from seafood is limited because global wild fisheries are unable to increase their harvests, and aquaculture fisheries currently rely on wild fisheries as a source of LC-PUFAs. Agricultural production of oils is highly efficient and has the potential to be sustainable. The transfer of genes from marine microalgae and other microorganisms into oilseed crops has shown that the production of terrestrial omega-3 LC-PUFA oils is indeed possible. The specifications of these oils or whole seeds for use in human and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture nutrition are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A Abbadi F Domergue J Bauer J Napier R Welti U Zahringer P Cirpus E Heinz (2004) ArticleTitleBiosynthesis of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic oilseeds: constraints on their accumulation Plant Cell 16 2734–2748 Occurrence Handle10.1105/tpc.104.026070
Australian Bureau of Statistics (1995) National nutrition survey, foods eaten, Australia 4804.0
JG Bell DR Tocher RJ Henderson JR Dick VO Crampton (2003) ArticleTitleAltered fatty acid compositions in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets containing linseed and rapeseed oils can be partially restored by a subsequent fish oil finishing diet J Nutr 133 2793–2801
JG Bell RJ Henderson DR Tocher JR Sargent (2004) ArticleTitleReplacement of dietary fish oil with increasing levels of linseed oil: modification of flesh fatty acid compositions in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using a fish oil finishing diet Lipids 39 223–232
MP Bransden CG Carter PD Nichols (2003) ArticleTitleReplacement of fish oil with sunflower oil in feeds for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): effect on growth performance, tissue fatty acid composition and disease resistance Comp Biochem Physiol, Part B Biochem Mol Biol 135 611–625
JF Caddy L Garibaldi (2000) ArticleTitleApparent changes in the trophic composition of world marine harvests: the perspective from the FAO capture database Ocean Coast Manag 43 615–655
TC Coste A Gerbi P Vague G Pieroni D Raccah (2003) ArticleTitleNeuroprotective effect of docosahexaenoic acid-enriched phospholipids in experimental diabetic neuropathy Diabetes 52 2578–2585
F Domergue A Abbadi E Heinz (2005) ArticleTitleRelief for fish stocks: oceanic fatty acids in transgenic oilseeds Trends Plant Sci 10 112–116
GJ Hankey K Jamrozik (1996) ArticleTitleRisk factors for stroke: lifestyle factors Cardiovasc Risk Factors 6 5–17
N Hastings MK Agaba DR Tocher XZ Zheng CA Dickson JR Dick AJ Teale (2004) ArticleTitleMolecular cloning and functional characterization of fatty acyl desaturase and elongase cDNAs involved in the production of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids from alpha-linolenic acid in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Mar Biotechnol 6 463–474 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s10126-004-3002-8
J Hodge K Sanders AJ Sinclair (1993) ArticleTitleDifferential utilization of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in human plasma Lipids 28 525–531
LA Horrocks YK Yeo (1999) ArticleTitleHealth benefits of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) Pharmacol Res 40 211–225 Occurrence Handle10.1006/phrs.1999.0495
FB Hu WC Willett (2002) ArticleTitleOptimal diets for prevention of coronary heart disease JAMA 288 2569–2578 Occurrence Handle10.1001/jama.288.20.2569
Kinney, AJ et al., EI Du Pont de Nemours and Company (2004) Production of very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in oilseed plants. Patent WO 2004/071467 A2
KW Lee GYH Lip (2003) ArticleTitleThe role of omega-3 fatty acids in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease QJM—Int J Med 96 465–480
L Madsen AC Rustan H Vaagenes K Berge E Dyroy RK Berge (1999) ArticleTitleEicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid affect mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation in relation to substrate preference Lipids 34 951–963
JG Metz P Roessler D Facciotti C Levering F Dittrich M Lassner R Valentine K Lardizabal F Domergue A Yamada K Yazawa V Knauf J Browse (2001) ArticleTitleProduction of polyunsaturated fatty acids by polyketide synthases in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes Science 293 290–293 Occurrence Handle10.1126/science.1059593
TA Mori DQ Bao V Burke IB Puddey LJ Beilin (1999) ArticleTitleDocosahexaenoic acid but not eicosapentaenoic acid lowers ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in humans Hypertension 34 253–260
TA Mori V Burke IB Puddey GF Watts DN O'Neal JD Best LJ Beilin (2000) ArticleTitlePurified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids have differential effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins, LDL particle size, glucose, and insulin in mildly hyperlipidemic men Am J Clin Nutr 71 1085–1094
RA Myers B Worm (2003) ArticleTitleRapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities Nature 423 280–283 Occurrence Handle10.1038/nature01610
G Nagel A Nieters N Becker J Linseisen (2003) ArticleTitleThe influence of the dietary intake of fatty acids and antioxidants on hay fever in adults Allergy 58 1277–1284 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1398-9995.2003.00296.x
New MB, Wijkstrøm (2002). Use of fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds: further thoughts on the fishmeal trap. FAO Fisheries Circular No. 975 FIPP/C975
PD Nichols (2004) ArticleTitleSources of long-chain omega-3 oils Lipid Technol 16 247–251
B Qi T Fraser S Mugford G Dobson O Sayanova J Butler JA Napier AK Stobart CM Lazarus (2004) ArticleTitleProduction of very long chain polyunsaturated Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids in plants Nat Biotechnol 22 739–745 Occurrence Handle10.1038/nbt972
BS Reddy (2004) ArticleTitleOmega-3 fatty acids in colorectal cancer prevention Int J Cancer 112 1–7 Occurrence Handle10.1002/ijc.20320
RD Reddy JK Yao (2003) ArticleTitleEnvironmental factors and membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids in schizophrenia Prostaglandins, Leukot Essent Fat Acids 69 385–391
SS Robert SP Singh XR Zhou JR Petrie SI Blackburn PM Mansour PD Nichols Q Liu AG Green (2005) ArticleTitleMetabolic engineering of Arabidopsis to produce nutritionally important DHA in seed oil Funct Plant Bio 32 473–479
DP Rose JM Connolly (1999) ArticleTitleOmega-3 fatty acids as cancer chemopreventive agents Pharmacol Ther 83 217–244 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0163-7258(99)00026-1
CE Roynette PC Calder YM Dupertuis C Pichard (2004) ArticleTitlen-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and colon cancer prevention Clin Nutr 23 139–151 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.clnu.2003.07.005
SL Seierstad I Seljeflot O Johansen R Hansen M Haugen G Rosenlund L Froyland H Arnesen (2005) ArticleTitleDietary intake of differently fed salmon; the influence on markers of human atherosclerosis Eur J Clin Investig 35 52–59 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1365-2362.2005.01443.x
T Seo WS Blaner RJ Deckelbaum (2005) ArticleTitleOmega-3 fatty acids: molecular approaches to optimal biological outcomes Curr Opin Lipidol 16 11–18 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00041433-200502000-00004
F Shahidi H Miraliakbari (2004) ArticleTitleOmega-3 (n-3) fatty acids in health and disease: Part I—Cardiovascular disease and cancer J Med Food 7 387–401 Occurrence Handle10.1089/jmf.2004.7.387
AP Simopoulos (2002) ArticleTitleOmega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases J Am Coll Nutr 21 495–505
AP Simopoulos (2004) ArticleTitleOmega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acid ratio and chronic diseases Food Rev Int 20 77–90
AP Simopoulos A Leaf N Salem SuffixJr (1999) ArticleTitleWorkshop on the essentiality of and recommended dietary intakes for omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids Food Aust 51 332–333
SP Singh XR Zhou Q Liu S Stymne AG Green (2005) ArticleTitleMetabolic engineering of new fatty acids in plants Curr Opin Plant Biol 8 197–203 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.pbi.2005.01.012
AJ Tacon (2003) Aquaculture production trends analysis. Review of the state of world aquaculture Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FAO Fisheries Circular No. 886, Rome 5–29
B Wen E Deutsch P Opolon A Auperin V Frascogna E Connault J Bourhis (2003) ArticleTitlen-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease mucosal/epidermal reactions and enhance antitumour effect of ionising radiation with inhibition of tumour angiogenesis Br J Cancer 89 1102–1107 Occurrence Handle10.1038/sj.bjc.6601136
GH Wu M Truksa N Datla P Vrinten J Bauer T Zank P Cirpus E Heinz X Qiu (2005) ArticleTitleStepwise engineering to produce high yields of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in plants Nat Biotechnol 23 1013–1017
YL Yep D Li NJ Mann O Bode AJ Sinclair (2002) ArticleTitleBreadenriched with microencapsulated tuna oil increases plasma docosahexaenoic acid and total omega-3 fatty acids in humans Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 11 285–291 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1440-6047.2002.00309.x
XZ Zheng DR Tocher CA Dickson JG Bell AJ Teale (2004) ArticleTitleEffects of diets containing vegetable oil on expression of genes involved in highly unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in liver of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Aquaculture 236 467–483 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.02.003
XZ Zheng BE Torstensen DR Tocher JR Dick RJ Henderson JG Bell (2005) ArticleTitleEnvironmental and dietary influences on highly unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and expression of fatty acyl desaturase and elongase genes in liver of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 1734 13–24
Acknowledgments
The author would like to acknowledge Drs. Peter Nichols, Susan Blackburn, and Bruce Lee for critical reading of the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Robert, S.S. Production of Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acid-Containing Oils in Transgenic Land Plants for Human and Aquaculture Nutrition. Mar Biotechnol 8, 103–109 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-005-5142-x
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-005-5142-x