Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) can be transported into plants from polluted soils and may cause animal and human diseases through food chains, which requires the development of highly efficient methods for soil Cd remediation. Although we isolated an Enterobacter cloacae strain Cu6 with Cd resistance, this strain cannot be used for soil Cd remediation due to its lower resistance. Here, we domesticated Cu6 and obtained a highly Cd-resistant strain, LPY6, and found that this strain can attenuate the toxic effects of Cd on wheat seedling growth. We deciphered the high Cd-resistance mechanism of LPY6 by genome comparative and genetic analysis. Compared with Cu6, 75 genes were mutated in LPY6. Thirty-four of these genes were deleted, and 41 had single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Most of these mutated proteins are involved in basic metabolism, substrate transport, stress response and formate and hydrogen metabolism. RNA quantitative analysis and promoter activity assays showed that the transcription or mRNA levels of two operons (cadA and norVW) in these mutated genes were regulated by Cd, zinc (Zn) or lead (Pb) ions, suggesting that these two operons might be required for Cd, Zn or Pb resistance. Expression of cadA and norVW operons in LPY6 partially recovered Cd susceptibility, demonstrating that CadA and NorVW are involved in Cd resistance in E. cloacae. Our findings illustrate that E. cloacae acquires Cd resistance through different pathways and lay a foundation for developing highly efficient methods for soil Cd remediation.
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Data availability
The genome sequences of Cu6 and LPY6 are available in the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Genome database (PRJNA786387). The raw data for this manuscript are available without restriction upon inquiry
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Acknowledgements
YX, YX, YY and YZ are graduates. WX is a professor at Hainan University and focuses on the genomic analysis. CL and JT are professors at Hainan University and study on the bacterial heavy metals’ resistance mechanisms. YC is a professor in Hainan University and studies the interaction between microbes and hosts.
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This study was supported by the Funding of the Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province, grant number 2019RC063, and the Construction of World First Class Discipline of Hainan University, grant number RZZX201903.
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JT and CL designed the research. YX, YX, YY, YZ and WX performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and prepared the fgures. YX, YC, CL and JT wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Xia, Y., Xu, Y., Zhou, Y. et al. Comparative genome analyses uncovered the cadmium resistance mechanism of enterobacter cloacae. Int Microbiol 26, 99–108 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-022-00276-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-022-00276-3