Skip to main content
Log in

Action rule discovery from incomplete data

  • Regular Paper
  • Published:
Knowledge and Information Systems Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Action rule is an implication rule that shows the expected change in a decision value of an object as a result of changes made to some of its conditional values. An example of an action rule is ‘credit card holders of young age are expected to keep their cards for an extended period of time if they receive a movie ticket once a year’. In this case, the decision value is the account status, and the condition value is whether the movie ticket is sent to the customer. The type of action that can be taken by the company is to send out movie tickets to young customers. The conventional action rule discovery algorithms build action rules from existing classification rules. This paper discusses an agglomerative strategy that generates the shortest action rules directly from a decision system. In particular, the algorithm can be used to discover rules from an incomplete decision system where attribute values are partially incomplete. As one of the testing domains for our research we take HEPAR system that was built through a collaboration between the Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences and physicians at the Medical Center of Postgraduate Education in Warsaw, Poland. HEPAR was designed for gathering and processing clinical data on patients with liver disorders. Action rules will be used to construct the decision-support module for HEPAR.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Agrawal R, Imielinski T, Swami AN (1993) Mining association rules between sets of items in large databases. SIGMOD 22(2): 207–216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Bobrowski L (1992) HEPAR: computer system for diagnosis support and data analysis. In: Prace IBIB 31, institute of biocybernetics and biomedical engineering, polish academy of sciences. Warsaw, Poland

  3. Cho V, Wthrich B (2002) Distributed mining of classification rules. Knowl Inf Syst 4(1): 1–30

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  4. Dardzińska A, Raś Z (2006) Extracting rules from incomplete decision systems. In: Foundations and novel approaches in data mining, studies in computational intelligence, vol 9. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 143–154

  5. Geffner H, Wainer J (1998) Modeling action, knowledge and control. In: Proceedings of ECAI, pp 532–536

  6. Greco S, Matarazzo B, Pappalardo N, Slowiński R (2005) Measuring expected effects of interventions based on decision rules. J Exp Theor Artif Intell 17(1–2): 103–118

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. Grzymala-Busse J (1997) A new version of the rule induction system LERS. Fund Inf 31(1): 27–39

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  8. He Z, Xu X, Deng S, Ma R (2005) Mining action rules from scratch. Expert Syst Appl 29(3): 691–699

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Hettich S, Blake CL, Merz CJ (1998) UCI repository of machine learning databases, http://www.ics.uci.edu/~mlearn/MLRepository.html. University of California, Irvine, Dept. of Information and Computer Sciences

  10. Im S, Ras Z, Tsay L (2008) Multi-Granularity rule discovery using ERID. In: Proceedings of rough set and knowledge tecnology, LNAI. Springer, Heidelberg

  11. Jurisica I, Mylopoulos J, Yu E (2004) Ontologies for knowledge management: an information systems perspective. Knowl Inf Syst 6(4): 380–401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Liu B, Hsu W, Chen S (1997) Using general impressions to analyze discovered classification rules. In: Proceedings of KDD97 conference

  13. Onisko A, Druzdzel M, Wasyluk H (2000) Extension of the HEPAR II model to multiple-disorder diagnosis. In: Intelligent information systems, advances in soft computing. Springer, Heidelbeg, pp 303–313

  14. Pawlak Z (1991) Information systems—theoretical foundations. Inf Syst J 6: 205–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Pinto HS, Martins JP (2004) Ontologies: how can they be built. J Knowl Inf Syst 6(4): 441–464

    Google Scholar 

  16. Qiao Y, Zhong K, Wang H-A, Li X (2007) Developing event-condition-action rules in real-time active database. In: Proceedings of the 2007 ACM symposium on applied computing. ACM, New York, pp 511–516

  17. Raś Z, Dardzińska A (2006) Action rules discovery, a new simplified strategy. Foundations of intelligent systems. LNAI, vol 4203. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 445–453

  18. Raś Z, Wyrzykowska E, Wasyluk H (2008) ARAS: action rules discovery based on agglomerative strategy, in mining complex data. In: Post-proceedings of 2007 ECML/PKDD third international workshop (MCD 2007), LNAI, vol 4944. Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 196–208

  19. Raś Z, Wieczorkowska A (2000) Action-rules: how to increase profit of a company, in principles of data mining and knowledge discovery. In: Proceedings of PKDD, Lyon, France. LNAI, vol 1910. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 587–592

  20. Raś Z, Dardzińska A (2004) Ontology based distributed autonomous knowledge systems. Inf Syst Int J 29(1): 47–58

    Google Scholar 

  21. Skowron A (2001) Rough sets and boolean reasoning. In: Granular Computing: an emerging paradigm. Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg, pp 95–124

  22. Skowron A, Synak P (2006) Planning based on reasoning about information changes. In: Rough sets and current trends in computing. LNCS, vol 4259. Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 165–173

  23. Tzacheva A, Raś Z (2007) Constraint based action rule discovery with single classification rules. In: Proceedings of the joint rough sets symposium (JRS07). LNAI, vol 4482. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 322–329

  24. Tzacheva A, Raś Z (2007) Action rule mining. Int J Intel Syst 20(7): 719–736

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Wasyluk H, Raś Z, Wyrzykowska E (2008) Application of action rules to HEPAR clinical decision support system. Exp Clin Hepatol 4(2): 46–48

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Seunghyun Im.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Im, S., Raś, Z. & Wasyluk, H. Action rule discovery from incomplete data. Knowl Inf Syst 25, 21–33 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-009-0221-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-009-0221-3

Keywords

Navigation