Abstract
The metric dimension dim(G) of a graph G is the minimum number of vertices such that every vertex of G is uniquely determined by its vector of distances to the chosen vertices. The zero forcing number Z(G) of a graph G is the minimum cardinality of a set S of black vertices (whereas vertices in V(G)S are colored white) such that V(G) is turned black after finitely many applications of “the color-change rule”: a white vertex is converted black if it is the only white neighbor of a black vertex. We show that dim(T) ≤ Z(T) for a tree T, and that dim(G) ≤ Z(G)+1 if G is a unicyclic graph; along the way, we characterize trees T attaining dim(T) = Z(T). For a general graph G, we introduce the “cycle rank conjecture”. We conclude with a proof of dim(T) − 2 ≤ dim(T + e) ≤ dim(T) + 1 for \(e \in E\left( {\bar T} \right)\).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aazami, A.: Hardness results and approximation algorithms for some problems on graphs. Ph.D. thesis, University of Waterloo, 2008
AIM Minimum Rank-Special Graphs Work Group (Barioli, F., Barrett, W., Butler, S., Cioabă, S. M., Cvetković, D., Fallat, S. M., Godsil, C., Haemers, W., Hogben, L., Mikkelson, R., Narayan, S., Pryporova, O., Sciriha, I., So, W., Stevanović, D., van der Holst, H., Vander Meulen, K., Wehe, A. W.): Zero forcing sets and the minimum rank of graphs. Linear Algebra Appl., 428(7), 1628–1648 (2008)
Bailey, R. F., Cameron, P. J.: Base size, metric dimension and other invariants of groups and graphs. Bull. London Math. Soc., 43(2), 209–242 (2011)
Barioli, F., Barrett, W., Fallat, S. M., et al.: Zero forcing parameters and minimum rank problems. Linear Algebra Appl., 433, 401–411 (2010)
Berman, A., Friedland, S., Hogben, L., et al.: An upper bound for the minimum rank of a graph. Linear Algebra Appl., 429, 1629–1638 (2008)
Cáceres, J., Garijo, D., Puertas, M. L., et al.: On the determining number and the metric dimension of graphs. Electron. J. Combin., 17, #R63 (2010)
Cáceres, J., Hernando, C., Mora, M., et al.: On the metric dimension of some families of graphs. Electron. Notes Discrete Math., 22, 129–133 (2005)
Cáceres, J., Hernando, C., Mora, M., et al.: On the metric dimension of Cartesian products of graphs. SIAM J. Discrete Math., 21(2), 423–441 (2007)
Chartrand, G., Eroh, L., Johnson, M. A., et al.: Resolvability in graphs and the metric dimension of a graph. Discrete Appl. Math., 105, 99–113 (2000)
Chartrand, G., Zhang, P.: The forcing dimension of a graph. Math. Bohem., 126(4), 711–720 (2001)
Chartrand, G., Zhang, P.: The theory and applications of resolvability in graphs. A Survey. Congr. Numer., 160, 47–68 (2003)
Chilakamarri, K. B., Dean., N., Kang, C. X., et al.: Iteration index of a zero forcing set in a graph. Bull. Inst. Combin. Appl., 64, 57–72 (2012)
Edholm, C. J., Hogben, L., Huynh, M., et al.: Vertex and edge spread of zero forcing number, maximum nullity, and minimum rank of a graph. Linear Algebra Appl., 436, 4352–4372 (2012)
Eroh, L., Feit, P., Kang, C. X., et al.: The effect of vertex or edge deletion on the metric dimension of graphs. J. Comb., 6(4), 433–444 (2015)
Eroh, L., Kang, C. X., Yi, E.: On metric dimension of graphs and their complements. J. Combin. Math. Combin. Comput., 83, 193–203 (2012)
Eroh, L., Kang, C. X., Yi, E.: On zero forcing number of graphs and their complements. Discrete Math. Algorithms Appl., 7(1), 1550002 (2015)
Fallat, S. M., Hogben, L.: The minimum rank of symmetric matrices described by a graph: A survey. Linear Algebra Appl., 426, 558–582 (2007)
Fallet, S. M., Hogben, L.: Variants on the minimum rank problem: A survey II. arXiv:1102.5142v1
Feng, M., Xu, M., Wang, K.: On the metric dimension of line graphs. Discrete Appl. Math., 161, 802–805 (2013)
Garey, M. R., Johnson, D. S.: Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-completeness, Freeman, New York, 1979
Guo, J., Wang, K., Li, F.: Metric dimension of some distance-regular graphs. J. Comb. Optim., 26(1), 190–197 (2013)
Harary, F., Melter, R. A.: On the metric dimension of a graph. Ars Combin., 2, 191–195 (1976)
Hogben, L., Huynh, M., Kingsley, N., et al.: Propagation time for zero forcing on a graph. Discrete Appl. Math., 160, 1994–2005 (2012)
Iswadi, H., Baskoro, E. T., Salman, A. N. M., et al.: The metric dimension of amalgamation of cycles. Far East J. Math. Sci., 41(1), 19–31 (2010)
Khuller, S., Raghavachari, B., Rosenfeld, A.: Landmarks in graphs. Discrete Appl. Math., 70, 217–229 (1996)
Poisson, C., Zhang, P.: The metric dimension of unicyclic graphs. J. Combin. Math. Combin. Comput., 40, 17–32 (2002)
Sebö, A., Tannier, E.: On metric generators of graphs. Math. Oper. Res., 29, 383–393 (2004)
Slater, P. J.: Leaves of trees. Congr. Numer., 14, 549–559 (1975)
Trefois, M., Delvenne, J. C.: Zero forcing number, constrained matchings and strong structural controllability. Linear Algebra Appl., 484, 199–218 (2015)
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the anonymous referees for their comments and suggestions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Eroh, L., Kang, C.X. & Yi, E. A comparison between the metric dimension and zero forcing number of trees and unicyclic graphs. Acta. Math. Sin.-English Ser. 33, 731–747 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10114-017-4699-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10114-017-4699-4
Keywords
- Distance
- resolving set
- metric dimension
- zero forcing set
- zero forcing number
- tree
- unicyclic graph
- cycle rank