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Rainfall anomalies and their impacts on Bhutan’s agro-ecological landscape

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Abstract

Variability of rainfall pattern and its resulting issue of water shortage is a growing concern in Bhutan’s agricultural system. To assess the rainfall anomalies and the extent of farmers’ dependency on rainwater for farming, a semi-structured questionnaire survey was conducted in six districts of the country, covering low-, mid- and high-altitude agro-ecosystems. A point score analysis showed that most farmers (50% or more) depended on rainwater for farming activities. The extent of farmers’ dependency on rainfall across the districts was as high as 51%, except for Paro which had a lower dependency level of 10–20%. However, an overwhelming 40–80% of respondents had perception of decreased rain over the years, and the rainfall data for 20 years (1997–2017) showed a decreasing trend, reinforcing the survey findings. Moreover, up to 75% of respondents had perceptions of rain being untimely and unpredictable, including fewer incidences of short spells of high intensity or occasional prolonged periods of rains. The consequences of these issues were perceived to have caused (1) drying of water sources; (2) delay in planting; (3) erosion and infrastructure damage; and (4) work disruption. To overcome these issues, there is a need to overhaul Bhutan’s irrigation system, in terms of both infrastructure development and methods as aspired by farmers. The need of the hour for Bhutan is to reduce dependency on rains with state-of-the-art irrigation technologies to buffer against the changing patterns of rain and to improve farmers’ resilience to the impact of climate change.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the University of New England (UNE), Armidale, NSW, in Australia, for the International Postgraduate Research Award (PhD scholarship) to the senior author. The authors also thank the Department of Agriculture, MoAF, Royal Government of Bhutan, for rendering all possible support to the researcher student during the study period. Additionally, the authors are indebted to the researchers and extension officers stationed in different parts of Bhutan for their involvement in the data collection works.

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  1. School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia

    Ngawang Chhogyel

  2. Agriculture Research and Development Centre, Bajo, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Wangdue Phodrang, Bhutan

    Ngawang Chhogyel

  3. Eastcoast Geospatial Consultants, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia

    Lalit Kumar

  4. National Potato Program, Agriculture Research and Development Centre, Yusipang, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Thimphu, Bhutan

    Yadunath Bajgai

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Chhogyel, N., Kumar, L. & Bajgai, Y. Rainfall anomalies and their impacts on Bhutan’s agro-ecological landscape. Reg Environ Change 21, 125 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-021-01851-6

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