Skip to main content

Rents and wages derived from spatial interaction analysis in Shanghai

Journal of Geographical Systems volume 25, pages 59–75 (2023)Cite this article

Abstract

Using the 1% National Population Sampling Survey, collected in 2015, this paper performs sensitivity analysis of the parameters in a spatial interaction model to evaluate and compare the locational benefits of origins and destinations among different hukou (locals and migrants) and educational types in a large Chinese city (Shanghai). While the macro patterns are consistent with other case studies, Shanghai presents some unique features that include residency status and differential educational levels, and these factors result in notable patterns of spatial organization. Compared with migrants, locals have longer trip lengths, and higher rents and wages. Well-educated workers travel longer and have higher rents and wages than the poorly-educated. The presence of high-tech, high-prestige employers (e.g., Huawei) in the east-central area both attracts longer distance educated commuters, as well as generating higher wages, and potentially higher rents for those who choose to live and work in the same area, especially for locals. However, it is reassuring to see that there is a marked rent gradient over the distance from the CBD.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Notes

  1. In 2015, the proportion of walking, bike, e-bike, motorcycle, car, bus, subway and others was 17.78%, 6.34%, 28.90%, 0.99%, 17.59%, 10.67%, 13.60%, 4.13% respectively.

  2. In this paper, delta is 0.000001.

References

  • Chai Y, Zhang Y, Liu Z (2011) Spatial differences of home-work separation and the impacts of housing policy and urban sprawl: evidence from household survey data in Beijing. Acta Geogr Sin 66(2):157–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan KW (2013) The Chinese hukousystem at 50. Eurasian Geogr Econ 50(2):197–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ding L, Niu X, Song X (2020) Validating gravity model in multi-centre city: a study based on individual mobile trajectory. Acta Geogr Sin 75(2):268–285

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Geneidy A, Levinson D, Diab E, Boisjoly G, Verbich D, Loong C (2016) The cost of equity: assessing transit accessibility and social disparity using total travel cost. Trans Res Part a: Policy Practice 91:302–316

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford AC, Barr SL, Dawson RJ, James P (2015) Transport accessibility analysis using GIS: assessing sustainable transport in London. ISPRS Int J Geo Inf 4(1):124–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frost M, Linneker B, Spence N (1998) Excess or wasteful commuting in a selection of British cities. Trans Res Part a: Policy Practice 32(7):529–538

    Google Scholar 

  • Geurs KT, Van Wee B (2004) Accessibility evaluation of land-use and transport strategies: review and research directions. J Transp Geogr 12(2):127–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grigg T (1984) Probabilistic versions of the short-run Herbert-Stevens model. Environ Plan A 16(6):715–732

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gu H, Logan JR, Wu R (2020) Remaking Shanghai: New divisions in an expanding metropolis. Int J Urban Reg Res 45(1):80–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson A, Schnier K, Turnbull GK (2012) Drive ’til you qualify: credit quality and household location. Reg Sci Urban Econ 42(1):63–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horner MW (2002) Extensions to the concept of excess commuting. Environ Plan A 34(3):543–566

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jv O, Rietveld P, Nijkamp P (1997) Commuting: In search of jobs and residences. J Urban Econ 42:402–421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanaroglou PS, Higgins CD, Chowdhury TA (2015) Excess commuting: a critical review and comparative analysis of concepts, indices, and policy implications. J Transp Geogr 44:13–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li S (2010) Evolving residential and employment locations and patterns of commuting under hyper growth: the case of Guangzhou. China Urban Studies 47(8):1643–1661

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li S, Liu Y (2016) The jobs-housing relationship and commuting in Guangzhou, China: Hukou and dual structure. J Transp Geogr 54:286–294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu D, Kwan MP (2020a) Measuring job accessibility through integrating travel time, transit fare and income: a study of the Chicago metropolitan area. Tijdschr Econ Soc Geogr 111(4):671–685

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu D, Kwan MP (2020b) Measuring spatial mismatch and job access inequity based on transit-based job accessibility for poor job seekers. Travel Behav Soc 19:184–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy E, Killen JE (2011) Commuting economy: an alternative approach for assessing regional commuting efficiency. Urban Studies 48(6):1255–1272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Kelly ME, Niedzielski MA, Gleeson J (2011) Spatial interaction models from Irish commuting data: variations in trip length by occupation and gender. J Geogr Syst 14(4):357–387

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Kelly ME, Lee W (2005) Disaggregate journey-to-work data: implications for excess commuting and jobs–housing balance. Environ Plan A 37(12):2233–2252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Kelly ME, Niedzielski MA (2009) Are long commute distances inefficient and disorderly? Environ Plan A 41(11):2741–2759

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pagliara F, Wilson AG (2010) The state-of-the-art in building residential location models. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Prashker J, Shiftan Y, Hershkovitch SP (2008) Residential choice location, gender and the commute trip to work in Tel Aviv. J Transp Geogr 16(5):332–341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun B, Wei X (2014) Spatial distribution and structure evolution of employment and population in Shanghai Metropolitan Area. Acta Geogr Sin 69(6):747–758

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun B, Tu T, Shi W, Guo Y (2013) Test on the performance of polycentric spatial structure as a measure of congestion reduction in megacities: the case study of Shanghai. Urban Plann Forum 2(1):63–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Ta N, Chai Y, Zhang Y, Sun D (2017) Understanding job-housing relationship and commuting pattern in Chinese cities: Past, present and future. Transp Res Part d: Transp Environ 52(1):562–573

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tian J, Wang D, Xie D, Zhu W (2017) Identifying the commuting features and patterns of typical employment areas in Shanghai using cellphone signaling data: a case study in Zhangjiang. Jinqiao and Lujiazui Geogr Res 36(1):134–148

    Google Scholar 

  • van Ommeren J, Rietveld P, Nijkamp P (1997) Commuting: in search of jobs and residences. J Urban Econ 42:402–421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang D, Chai Y (2009) The jobs–housing relationship and commuting in Beijing, China: the legacy of Danwei. J Transp Geogr 17(1):30–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang C, Yang S, He J, Liu L (2018) On the social space evolution of Shanghai: in dual dimensions of the Hukou and the occupation. Geogr Res 37(11):2236–2248

    Google Scholar 

  • Webber MJ, O’Kelly ME (1981) Empirical tests and sensitivity analysis of a model of residential and facility location. Geogr Anal 13(4):398–411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wheaton W (1974) Linear programming and locational equilibrium: the Herbert-Stevens model revisited. J Urban Econ 1(3):278–287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willekens F (1983) Log-linear modelling of spatial interaction. Papers Regional Sci Assoc 52(1):187–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams HC (1976) Travel demand models, duality relations and user benefit analysis. J Reg Sci 16(2):147–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson AG (1970) Inter-regional commodity flows: entropy maximizing approaches. Geogr Anal 2(3):255–282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson AG (1971) A family of spatial interaction models, and associated developments. Environ Plan A 3(1):1–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson AG (1974) Urban and regional models in geography and planning. Wiley, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang J, Ferreira J (2008) Choices versus choice sets: a commuting spectrum method for representing job-housing possibilities. Environ Plann B Plann Des 35(2):364–378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yue L, O’Kelly ME, Wu R (2021) An empirical study of commuting efficiency among different educational categories of workers in Shanghai. Geograph Anal Forthcoming. https://doi.org/10.1111/gean.12306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H, Xu S, Liu X, Liu C (2021a) Near “real-time” estimation of excess commuting from open-source data: evidence from China’s megacities. J Transp Geogr 91(4):1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X, Song J, Wang Z, Sheng Y (2021b) Differences in the formation paths of the jobs-housing spatial relationship between local and non-local registered residents in Beijing based on the perception of residential location. Geogr Res 41(7):2005–2019

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao P, Lü B, Roo Gd (2011) Impact of the jobs-housing balance on urban commuting in Beijing in the transformation era. J Transp Geogr 19(1):59–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou J, Zhang C, Chen X, Huang W, Yu P (2014) Has the legacy of Danwei persisted in transformations? The jobs-housing balance and commuting efficiency in Xi’an. J Transp Geogr 40(1):64–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu L (2003) The hukou system of the People’s Republic of China: a critical appraisal under international standards of internal movement and residence. Chinese J Inter Law 2(2):519–566

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Center for Modern Chinese City Studies, School of Social Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China

    Liying Yue

  2. Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, 154 N Oval Mall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA

    Morton E. O’Kelly

Authors
  1. Liying Yue
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Morton E. O’Kelly
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Morton E. O’Kelly.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yue, L., O’Kelly, M.E. Rents and wages derived from spatial interaction analysis in Shanghai. J Geogr Syst 25, 59–75 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-022-00394-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-022-00394-6

Keywords

  • Commuting
  • Land use
  • Sensitivity analysis
  • Accessibility
  • Hukou
  • Shanghai

JEL Classification

  • R12
  • R23
  • O18