Abstract
The present study aims to demonstrate the importance of digital data for investigating space–time dynamics of aggregated human activity in urban systems. Such dynamics can be monitored and modelled using data from mobile phone operators regarding mobile telephone usage. Using such an extensive dataset from the city of Amsterdam, this paper introduces space–time explanatory models of aggregated human activity patterns. Various modelling experiments and results are presented, which demonstrate that mobile telephone data are a good proxy of the space–time dynamics of aggregated human activity in the city.
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Notes
The initial data was provided at a 6-digit post code level (CBS 2012) and then aggregated to the GSM areas.
The data only includes mobile phone usage for 11 months for 2010 and one month is excluded due to co-linearity.
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Acknowledgments
This research is funded by the Urban Regions in the Delta programme, Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) and by the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment (RWS). The authors would also like to acknowledge the support of John Steenbruggen for his help with data acquisition.
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Appendices
Appendix 1
Average car flow in Amsterdam motorways per hour in 2010. Source (NDW 2012)
Appendix 2
Estimation of (4) based on OLS
Time | Land use | Non-working days | Working days | Land use | Non-working days | Working days |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
00 | Habitants (ln) | 0.082*** | 0.083*** | Industrial (share) | −1.037*** | −1.246*** |
(40.24) | (60.56) | (−20.39) | (36.44) | |||
01 | 0.080*** | 0.070*** | −1.746*** | −2.282*** | ||
(39.35) | (50.78) | (−34.32) | (66.35) | |||
02 | 0.066*** | 0.045*** | −2.523*** | −3.394*** | ||
(32.42) | (32.87) | (−49.33) | (99.17) | |||
03 | 0.059*** | 0.024*** | −3.376*** | −4.388*** | ||
(28.75) | (17.81) | (−66.37) | (128.27) | |||
04 | 0.053*** | 0.007*** | −3.716*** | −4.491*** | ||
(25.99) | (4.78) | (−73.06) | (131.32) | |||
05 | 0.038*** | −0.002* | −3.794*** | −3.248*** | ||
(18.58) | (−1.75) | (−74.6) | (95) | |||
06 | 0.020*** | 0.016*** | −3.490*** | −1.079*** | ||
(9.97) | (11.52) | (−68.62) | (31.56) | |||
07 | 0.020*** | 0.048*** | −2.671*** | 0.803*** | ||
(9.88) | (35.15) | (−52.52) | (23.48) | |||
08 | 0.041*** | 0.070*** | −1.662*** | 2.078*** | ||
(19.89) | (51.05) | (−32.48) | (60.68) | |||
09 | 0.068*** | 0.085*** | −0.558*** | 2.841*** | ||
(33.1) | (61.99) | (−10.91) | (83.1) | |||
10 | 0.087*** | 0.092*** | 0.134*** | 3.103*** | ||
(42.69) | (67.14) | (2.63) | (90.74) | |||
11 | 0.099*** | 0.094*** | 0.501*** | 3.191*** | ||
(48.14) | (69.03) | (9.8) | (93.3) | |||
12 | 0.103*** | 0.096*** | 0.677*** | 3.120*** | ||
(50.25) | (70.17) | (13.25) | (91.23) | |||
13 | 0.102*** | 0.096*** | 0.652*** | 3.181*** | ||
(50.06) | (70.25) | (12.75) | (93.03) | |||
14 | 0.101*** | 0.096*** | 0.541*** | 3.173*** | ||
(49.28) | (70.45) | (10.58) | (92.98) | |||
15 | 0.101*** | 0.096*** | 0.518*** | 3.096*** | ||
(49.18) | (70.26) | (10.13) | (90.57) | |||
16 | 0.099*** | 0.098*** | 0.432*** | 2.929*** | ||
(48.57) | (72.09) | (8.44) | (86.26) | |||
17 | 0.100*** | 0.100*** | 0.379*** | 2.549*** | ||
(48.93) | (73.48) | (7.42) | (75.07) | |||
18 | 0.100*** | 0.099*** | 0.307*** | 1.887*** | ||
(49) | (73.07) | (6.01) | (55.59) | |||
19 | 0.102*** | 0.099*** | 0.282*** | 1.415*** | ||
(49.86) | (73.02) | (5.51) | (41.59) | |||
20 | 0.107*** | 0.106*** | 0.354*** | 1.167*** | ||
(52.15) | (78.18) | (6.88) | (34.3) | |||
21 | 0.109*** | 0.112*** | 0.178*** | 1.021*** | ||
(53.46) | (81.85) | (3.49) | (29.93) | |||
22 | 0.102*** | 0.105*** | −0.121** | 0.608*** | ||
(49.89) | (77.18) | (−2.37) | (17.79) | |||
23 | 0.094*** | 0.096*** | −0.583*** | −0.088** | ||
(45.7) | (70.41) | (−11.4) | (2.57) | |||
00 | Railways (share) | 1.869*** | 1.653*** | Business (share) | −1.465*** | −1.860*** |
(14.04) | (18.54) | (−26.08) | (49.33) | |||
01 | 1.465*** | 0.785*** | −2.502*** | −3.183*** | ||
(11.01) | (8.77) | (−44.41) | (83.86) | |||
02 | 0.534*** | −0.261*** | −3.372*** | −4.349*** | ||
(3.99) | (−2.93) | (−59.71) | (115.12) | |||
03 | −0.073 | −1.269*** | −3.815*** | −5.132*** | ||
(−0.55) | (−14.24) | (−67.91) | (135.84) | |||
04 | −0.242* | −1.242*** | −4.529*** | −5.526*** | ||
(−1.82) | (−13.94) | (−80.61) | (146.2) | |||
05 | −0.576*** | −0.922*** | −4.737*** | −5.289*** | ||
(−4.33) | (−10.35) | (−84.33) | (139.53) | |||
06 | −0.287** | −0.249*** | −4.706*** | −3.633*** | ||
(−2.15) | (−2.79) | (−83.59) | (96.34) | |||
07 | −0.253* | 1.378*** | −3.508*** | −0.546*** | ||
(−1.9) | (15.44) | (−62.45) | (14.47) | |||
08 | 0.092 | 2.773*** | −2.015*** | 1.480*** | ||
(0.68) | (31.09) | (−35.56) | (39.17) | |||
09 | 0.850*** | 3.574*** | −0.739*** | 2.431*** | ||
(6.35) | (40.11) | (−13.09) | (64.46) | |||
10 | 1.747*** | 3.866*** | 0.167*** | 2.681*** | ||
(13.06) | (43.43) | (2.95) | (71.13) | |||
11 | 2.297*** | 4.077*** | 0.620*** | 2.795*** | ||
(17.16) | (45.76) | (10.97) | (74.11) | |||
12 | 2.550*** | 4.097*** | 0.848*** | 2.712*** | ||
(19.06) | (45.98) | (15.02) | (71.88) | |||
13 | 2.689*** | 4.202*** | 0.847*** | 2.758*** | ||
(20.1) | (47.19) | (15) | (73.18) | |||
14 | 2.725*** | 4.178*** | 0.724*** | 2.785*** | ||
(20.36) | (47.03) | (12.81) | (73.98) | |||
15 | 2.719*** | 4.239*** | 0.606*** | 2.741*** | ||
(20.32) | (47.61) | (10.74) | (72.75) | |||
16 | 2.732*** | 4.307*** | 0.615*** | 2.616*** | ||
(20.42) | (48.69) | (10.9) | (69.86) | |||
17 | 2.786*** | 4.486*** | 0.655*** | 2.501*** | ||
(20.82) | (50.71) | (11.59) | (66.77) | |||
18 | 2.739*** | 4.211*** | 0.408*** | 2.128*** | ||
(20.47) | (47.6) | (7.23) | (56.83) | |||
19 | 2.623*** | 3.562*** | 0.210*** | 1.522*** | ||
(19.6) | (40.17) | (3.72) | (40.53) | |||
20 | 2.519*** | 3.314*** | −0.004 | 1.026*** | ||
(18.73) | (37.38) | (−0.06) | (27.33) | |||
21 | 2.547*** | 3.213*** | 0.042 | 0.893*** | ||
(19.04) | (36.13) | (0.74) | (23.7) | |||
22 | 2.409*** | 2.966*** | −0.276*** | 0.583*** | ||
(18) | (33.35) | (−4.89) | (15.5) | |||
23 | 2.103*** | 2.474*** | −0.941*** | −0.300*** | ||
(15.72) | (27.78) | (−16.66) | (7.98) | |||
00 | Motorways (share) | −0.974*** | −1.584*** | City centre (share) | 1.533*** | 1.166*** |
(−8.48) | (−20.59) | (52.2) | (58.84) | |||
01 | −3.754*** | −4.354*** | 0.888*** | 0.231*** | ||
(−32.68) | (−56.19) | (30.21) | (11.57) | |||
02 | −4.893*** | −6.067*** | 0.479*** | −0.477*** | ||
(−42.37) | (−78.71) | (16.23) | (24.04) | |||
03 | −5.713*** | −7.045*** | 0.184*** | −0.890*** | ||
(−49.73) | (−91.43) | (6.28) | (44.91) | |||
04 | −6.086*** | −7.468*** | −0.134*** | −1.200*** | ||
(−52.99) | (−96.96) | (4.55) | (60.51) | |||
05 | −6.078*** | −6.590*** | −0.490*** | −1.683*** | ||
(−52.91) | (−85.56) | (16.68) | (84.87) | |||
06 | −5.678*** | −2.110*** | −1.039*** | −0.890*** | ||
(−49.43) | (−27.4) | (35.39) | (44.92) | |||
07 | −4.058*** | 1.100*** | −0.773*** | 0.607*** | ||
(−35.33) | (14.27) | (26.33) | (30.58) | |||
08 | −2.276*** | 4.073*** | 0.163*** | 1.825*** | ||
(−19.69) | (52.82) | (5.52) | (91.98) | |||
09 | −0.707*** | 4.796*** | 1.099*** | 2.518*** | ||
(−6.12) | (62.28) | (37.22) | (127.03) | |||
10 | 0.453*** | 4.814*** | 1.794*** | 2.810*** | ||
(3.92) | (62.53) | (60.76) | (141.79) | |||
11 | 1.162*** | 4.938*** | 2.196*** | 2.958*** | ||
(10.06) | (64.11) | (74.34) | (149.16) | |||
12 | 1.515*** | 4.991*** | 2.397*** | 2.992*** | ||
(13.12) | (64.8) | (81.15) | (150.91) | |||
13 | 1.580*** | 5.048*** | 2.459*** | 3.021*** | ||
(13.68) | (65.56) | (83.27) | (152.5) | |||
14 | 1.543*** | 5.086*** | 2.450*** | 3.019*** | ||
(13.36) | (66.18) | (82.97) | (152.63) | |||
15 | 1.450*** | 5.231*** | 2.437*** | 3.024*** | ||
(12.56) | (67.93) | (82.53) | (152.65) | |||
16 | 1.479*** | 5.420*** | 2.445*** | 3.022*** | ||
(12.8) | (70.88) | (82.8) | (153.51) | |||
17 | 1.607*** | 5.718*** | 2.440*** | 3.047*** | ||
(13.92) | (74.77) | (82.62) | (154.76) | |||
18 | 1.516*** | 5.084*** | 2.369*** | 2.974*** | ||
(13.13) | (66.48) | (80.24) | (151.06) | |||
19 | 1.221*** | 3.684*** | 2.229*** | 2.759*** | ||
(10.58) | (48.07) | (75.48) | (139.83) | |||
20 | 1.162*** | 2.754*** | 2.166*** | 2.632*** | ||
(10.01) | (35.93) | (72.97) | (133.4) | |||
21 | 0.941*** | 2.495*** | 2.138*** | 2.599*** | ||
(8.15) | (32.48) | (72.41) | (131.32) | |||
22 | 0.531*** | 1.986*** | 1.983*** | 2.436*** | ||
(4.6) | (25.83) | (67.16) | (123.14) | |||
23 | −0.224* | 0.765*** | 1.684*** | 2.004*** | ||
(−1.94) | (9.94) | (57.02) | (101.21) | |||
00 | Retail (share) | 2.031*** | 1.249*** | Outer city centre (share) | 1.351*** | 1.310*** |
(60.65) | (54.87) | (43.52) | (62.8) | |||
01 | 1.566*** | 0.605*** | 0.809*** | 0.533*** | ||
(46.76) | (26.47) | (26.05) | (25.39) | |||
02 | 1.173*** | −0.021 | 0.291*** | −0.202*** | ||
(34.85) | (−0.94) | (9.33) | (9.68) | |||
03 | 0.686*** | −0.642*** | −0.188*** | −0.823*** | ||
(20.49) | (−28.27) | (6.05) | (39.44) | |||
04 | 0.279*** | −1.386*** | −0.620*** | −1.230*** | ||
(8.32) | (−61.01) | (19.97) | (58.95) | |||
05 | −0.306*** | −2.617*** | −0.942*** | −1.342*** | ||
(−9.13) | (−115.19) | (30.34) | (64.33) | |||
06 | −1.408*** | −2.153*** | −1.029*** | −0.696*** | ||
(−42.03) | (−94.76) | (33.16) | (33.39) | |||
07 | −1.346*** | −0.238*** | −0.549*** | 0.467*** | ||
(−40.21) | (−10.48) | (17.69) | (22.36) | |||
08 | −0.639*** | 0.990*** | 0.363*** | 1.524*** | ||
(−18.91) | (43.49) | (11.63) | (72.94) | |||
09 | 0.410*** | 1.918*** | 1.222*** | 2.064*** | ||
(12.17) | (84.39) | (39.15) | (98.93) | |||
10 | 1.341*** | 2.464*** | 1.805*** | 2.294*** | ||
(39.82) | (108.45) | (57.87) | (109.99) | |||
11 | 1.968*** | 2.773*** | 2.131*** | 2.403*** | ||
(58.45) | (122.02) | (68.29) | (115.16) | |||
12 | 2.441*** | 2.994*** | 2.263*** | 2.427*** | ||
(72.51) | (131.68) | (72.52) | (116.29) | |||
13 | 2.688*** | 3.120*** | 2.252*** | 2.415*** | ||
(79.82) | (137.5) | (72.17) | (115.81) | |||
14 | 2.826*** | 3.174*** | 2.188*** | 2.403*** | ||
(83.94) | (139.94) | (70.14) | (115.42) | |||
15 | 2.949*** | 3.238*** | 2.129*** | 2.428*** | ||
(87.61) | (142.65) | (68.25) | (116.43) | |||
16 | 2.994*** | 3.279*** | 2.127*** | 2.469*** | ||
(88.93) | (145.27) | (68.17) | (119.19) | |||
17 | 2.953*** | 3.320*** | 2.155*** | 2.531*** | ||
(87.73) | (147.09) | (69.09) | (122.17) | |||
18 | 2.762*** | 3.157*** | 2.135*** | 2.590*** | ||
(82.04) | (139.87) | (68.45) | (125.05) | |||
19 | 2.519*** | 2.857*** | 2.119*** | 2.543*** | ||
(74.83) | (126.31) | (67.91) | (122.48) | |||
20 | 2.401*** | 2.677*** | 2.133*** | 2.518*** | ||
(70.93) | (118.32) | (68) | (121.28) | |||
21 | 2.279*** | 2.540*** | 2.113*** | 2.506*** | ||
(67.7) | (111.8) | (67.74) | (120.38) | |||
22 | 2.148*** | 2.363*** | 1.974*** | 2.341*** | ||
(63.81) | (104.19) | (63.26) | (112.42) | |||
23 | 1.950*** | 2.046*** | 1.671*** | 1.938*** | ||
(57.92) | (90.05) | (53.57) | (92.99) | |||
t_sub0 | −0.321*** | March | 0.158*** | |||
(−58.7) | −36.14 | |||||
t_0_5 | −0.185*** | April | 0.151*** | |||
(−47.91) | −34.23 | |||||
t_5_10 | −0.132*** | May | 0.081*** | |||
(−49.63) | −18.43 | |||||
t_15_20 | 0.079*** | June | −0.019*** | |||
(28.21) | −3.87 | |||||
t_above20 | 0.186*** | July | −0.267*** | |||
(44.03) | −51.22 | |||||
r | 0 | August | −0.277*** | |||
(0.06) | −55.55 | |||||
s | 0.037*** | September | −0.096*** | |||
(5.48) | −20.84 | |||||
area_ln | 0.648*** | October | −0.041*** | |||
(573.58) | −9.4 | |||||
January | 0.284*** | November | Omitted | |||
(45.35) | Constant | −8.586*** | ||||
February | 0.233*** | −576.32 | ||||
(46.86) | R-squared | 0.7 | ||||
N | 1,874,207 |
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Tranos, E., Nijkamp, P. Mobile phone usage in complex urban systems: a space–time, aggregated human activity study. J Geogr Syst 17, 157–185 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-015-0211-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-015-0211-9