Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of light-emitting diode therapy on cardiovascular and salivary nitrite responses in postmenopausal women submitted to a single bout of high-intensity interval training

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Lasers in Medical Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) on cardiovascular effort during a single bout of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and on blood pressure (BP), salivary nitrite, and heart rate variability (HRV) responses after the exercise session in postmenopausal women. Sixteen postmenopausal women between 50 and 70 years of age participated in the present study. The intervention comprised two sessions: placebo plus HIIT and LEDT plus HIIT, with a 14-day interval between sessions. The oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored throughout the HIIT sessions. Salivary samples were taken before, immediately post, and 30’ and 60’ post-HIIT sessions for nitric oxide (NO) analysis. In addition, HR and BP were checked before, 15 min, 30 min, 45 min, and 60 min post-HIIT sessions. HR data were used to calculate the HRV indices. Cardiovascular parameters during HIIT and BP, HRV, and NO responses were not different between placebo and LEDT conditions (p > 0.05). BP responses increased after compared to pre-exercise (p < 0.01). HRV was impaired post- compared to pre-exercise (p < 0.05). LEDT did not improve physiological performance during HIIT and did not accelerate the recovery of BP and autonomic modulation or change the NO release after exercise in postmenopausal women.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ward K, Deneris A. An Update on Menopause Management [Internet]. J. Midwifery Women’s Heal. J Midwifery Womens Health; 2018 [cited 2022 Jan 13]. p. 168–77. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29522279/

  2. El Khoudary SR, Aggarwal B, Beckie TM, Hodis HN, Johnson AE, Langer RD, et al (2020) Menopause Transition and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Implications for Timing of Early Prevention: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association [Internet]. Circulation. Circulation [cited 2022 Jan 26]. p. 506–32. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33251828/

  3. Benjamin EJ, Muntner P, Alonso A, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP et al (2019) Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2019 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circ NLM (Medline) 139:e56-528

    Google Scholar 

  4. Knowlton AA, Lee AR (2012) Estrogen and the cardiovascular system. Pharmacol Ther 135:54–70

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Coylewright M, Reckelhoff JF, Ouyang P (2008) Menopause and hypertension: An age-old debate [Internet]. Hypertension. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; [cited 2022 Jan 13]. p. 952–9. Available from: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.105742

  6. Kuo TBJ, Lin T, Yang CCH, Li CL, Chen CF, Chou P (1999) Effect of aging on gender differences in neural control of heart rate. Am J Physiol - Hear Circ Physiol [Internet]. Am J Physiol [cited 2022 Jan 13];277. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10600841/

  7. Brockbank CL, Chatterjee F, Bruce SA, Woledge RC (2000) Heart rate and its variability change after the menopause. Exp Physiol 85:327–330

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Neves VFC, Silva de Sá MF, Gallo L, Catai AM, Martins LEB, Crescêncio JC, et al (2007) Autonomic modulation of heart rate of young and postmenopausal women undergoing estrogen therapy. Brazilian J Med Biol Res [Internet]. Associação Brasileira de Divulgação Científica [cited 2022 Jan 13];40:491–9. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/j/bjmbr/a/PjMHWnPvqHKBXPjYdBJy4Wm/?lang=en&format=html

  9. Malik M, John Camm A, Thomas Bigger J, Breithardt G, Cerutti S, Cohen RJ et al (1996) Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Circulation 93:1043–1065

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Pescatello LS, Buchner DM, Jakicic JM, Powell KE, Kraus WE, Bloodgood B, et al (2019) Physical Activity to Prevent and Treat Hypertension: A Systematic Review [Internet]. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins [cited 2022 Jan 13]. p. 1314–23. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Fulltext/2019/06000/Physical_Activity_to_Prevent_and_Treat.26.aspx

  11. Mariano IM, de Freitas VH, Batista JP, de Souza TCF, Amaral AL, Dechichi JGC, et al (2021) Effect of combined exercise training on heart rate variability in normotensive and hypertensive postmenopausal women. Motriz Rev Educ Fis [Internet]. Universidade Estadual Paulista [cited 2022 Jan 13];27. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/j/motriz/a/VMtc9LGp6WdDJ89JDngMRkS/

  12. Bhati P, Moiz JA, Menon GR, Hussain ME (2019) Does resistance training modulate cardiac autonomic control? A systematic review and meta-analysis [Internet]. Clin. Auton. Res. Clin Auton Res [cited 2022 Jan 13]. p. 75–103. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30141031/

  13. Pearson MJ, Smart NA (2018) Exercise therapy and autonomic function in heart failure patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Fail Rev [Internet]. Heart Fail Rev [cited 2022 Jan 13];23:91–108. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29185161/

  14. Buchheit M, Laursen PB (2013) High-intensity interval training, solutions to the programming puzzle: Part I: Cardiopulmonary emphasis. Sport Med

  15. Hwang CL, Wu YT, Chou CH (2011) Effect of aerobic interval training on exercise capacity and metabolic risk factors in people with cardiometabolic disorders: a meta-analysis. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev

  16. Milanović Z, Sporiš G, Weston M (2015) Effectiveness of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIT) and Continuous Endurance Training for VO2max Improvements: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials. Sport Med

  17. Brito LC, Fecchio RY, Peçanha T, Andrade-Lima A, Halliwill JR, Forjaz CLM (2018) Postexercise hypotension as a clinical tool: a “single brick” in the wall. J Am Soc Hypertens 12:e59-64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Carpio-Rivera E, Moncada-Jiménez J, Salazar-Rojas W, Solera-Herrera A (2016) Acute effects of exercise on blood pressure: A meta-analytic investigation. Arq Bras Cardiol 106:422–433

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Kenney MJ, Seals DR (1993) Postexercise hypotension: Key features, mechanisms, and clinical significance. Hypertension 22:653–664

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. MacDonald JR (2002) Potential causes, mechanisms, and implications of post exercise hypotension. J Hum Hypertens 16:225–236

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Pimenta FC, Montrezol FT, Dourado VZ, da Silva LFM, Borba GA, de Oliveira Vieira W, et al (2019) High-intensity interval exercise promotes post-exercise hypotension of greater magnitude compared to moderate-intensity continuous exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol

  22. Costa EC, Kent DE, Boreskie KF, Hay JL, Kehler DS, Edye-Mazowita A, et al (2020) Acute Effect of High-Intensity Interval Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on Blood Pressure and Arterial Compliance in Middle-Aged and Older Hypertensive Women With Increased Arterial Stiffness. J strength Cond Res

  23. de Freitas VH, Mariano IM, Amaral AL, Rodrigues ML, Carrijo VHV, Nakamura FY, et al (2021) Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Variability Responses to High-intensity Interval Training in Untrained Postmenopausal Women. Res Q Exerc Sport [Internet]. Routledge 00:1–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2021.1917756

  24. Michael S, Graham KS, Oam GMD (2017) Cardiac autonomic responses during exercise and post-exercise recovery using heart rate variability and systolic time intervals-a review. Front Physiol S. Michael, Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia 8:301

  25. Peçanha T, Silva-Júnior ND, de Forjaz CL, M, (2014) Heart rate recovery: Autonomic determinants, methods of assessment and association with mortality and cardiovascular diseases. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 34:327–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. de Lima JRP, Peçanha T, Ferreira-Júnior AJ (2012) Recuperação autonômica cardíaca pós-exercício: Revisão dos mecanismos autonômicos envolvidos e relevância clínica e desportiva. Motricidade. 8:419–30

    Google Scholar 

  27. Ferraresi C, Parizotto NA, de Sousa MVP, Kaippert B, Huang YY, Koiso T, et al (2015) Light-emitting diode therapy in exercise-trained mice increases muscle performance, cytochrome c oxidase activity, ATP and cell proliferation. J Biophotonics

  28. Hamblin MR, Demidova TN (2006) Mechanisms of low level light therapy. Mech Low-Light Ther

  29. Hamblin MR, Huang YY, Sharma SK, Carroll J (2011) Biphasic dose response in low level light therapy - an update. Dose-Response

  30. Hayworth CR, Rojas JC, Padilla E, Holmes GM, Sheridan EC, Gonzalez-Lima F (2010) In vivo low-level light therapy increases cytochrome oxidase in skeletal muscle. Photochem Photobiol

  31. Huang YY, Chen ACH, Carroll JD, Hamblin MR (2009) Biphasic dose response in low level lightherapy. Dose-Response

  32. Albuquerque-Pontes GM, Vieira R de P, Tomazoni SS, Caires CO, Nemeth V, Vanin AA, et al (2014) Effect of pre-irradiation with different doses, wavelengths, and application intervals of low-level laser therapy on cytochrome c oxidase activity in intact skeletal muscle of rats. Lasers Med Sci

  33. Vanin AA, Verhagen E, Barboza SD, Costa LOP, Leal-Junior ECP (2018) Photobiomodulation therapy for the improvement of muscular performance and reduction of muscular fatigue associated with exercise in healthy people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lasers Med Sci

  34. Mezzaroba P V., Pessôa Filho DM, Zagatto AM, Machado FA (2018) LED session prior incremental step test enhance VO2max in running. Lasers Med Sci

  35. Beltrame T, Ferraresi C, Parizotto NA, Bagnato VS, Hughson RL (2018) Light-emitting diode therapy (photobiomodulation) effects on oxygen uptake and cardiac output dynamics during moderate exercise transitions: a randomized, crossover, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study. Lasers Med Sci [Internet]. Lasers Med Sci [cited 2022 Jan 14];33:1065–71. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29516305/

  36. Francisco C de O, Beltrame T, Hughson RL, Milan-Mattos JC, Ferroli-Fabricio AM, Galvão Benze B, et al (2019) Effects of light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) on cardiopulmonary and hemodynamic adjustments during aerobic exercise and glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus: A randomized, crossover, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Med [Internet]. Complement Ther Med [cited 2022 Jan 14];42:178–83. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30670240/

  37. Buzinari TC, de Moraes TF, Cárnio EC, Lopes LA, Salgado HC, Rodrigues GJ (2020) Photobiomodulation induces hypotensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Lasers Med Sci

  38. Kubaszewski E, Peters A, McClain S, Bohr D, Malinski T (1994) Light-activated release of nitric oxide from vascular smooth muscle of normotensive and hypertensive rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun Academic Press 200:213–218

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ball KA, Castello PR, Poyton RO (2011) Low intensity light stimulates nitrite-dependent nitric oxide synthesis but not oxygen consumption by cytochrome c oxidase: Implications for phototherapy. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol

  40. Rapoport RM, Draznin MB, Murad F (1983) Endothelium-dependent relaxation in rat aorta may be mediated through cyclic GMP-dependent protein phosphorylation. Nature

  41. Matsudo S, Araújo T, Matsudo V, Andrade D, Andrade E, Oliveira LC, et al (2001) Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ). Atividade Física & Saúde

  42. Puga GM, De Novais PI, Katsanos CS, Zanesco A (2016) Combined effects of aerobic exercise and l-arginine ingestion on blood pressure in normotensive postmenopausal women: A crossover study. Life Sci. 151:323–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Tarvainen MP, Niskanen JP, Lipponen JA, Ranta-aho PO, Karjalainen PA (2014) Kubios HRV - Heart rate variability analysis software. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 113:210–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. NAVAZESH M (1993) Methods for Collecting Saliva. Ann N Y Acad Sci

  45. Granger DL, Taintor RR, Boockvar KS, Hibbs JB (1995) Determination of nitrate and nitrite in biological samples using bacterial nitrate reductase coupled with the griess reaction. Methods Academic Press 7:78–83

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. De Marchi T, Leal ECP, Bortoli C, Tomazoni SS, Lopes-Martins RÁB, Salvador M (2012) Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in human progressive-intensity running: Effects on exercise performance, skeletal muscle status, and oxidative stress. Lasers Med Sci

  47. Santos IA Dos, Lemos M de P, Coelho VHM, Zagatto AM, Marocolo M, Soares RN, et al (2020) Acute photobiomodulation does not influence specific high-intensity and intermittent performance in female futsal players. Int J Environ Res Public Health

  48. Leal-Junior ECP, Lopes-Martins RÁB, Bjordal JM (2019) Clinical and scientific recommendations for the use of photobiomodulation therapy in exercise performance enhancement and post-exercise recovery: current evidence and future directions. Brazilian J Phys Ther

  49. Leal Junior ECP, Lopes-Martins RÁB, Baroni BM, De Marchi T, Taufer D, Manfro DS, et al (2009) Effect of 830 nm low-level laser therapy applied before high-intensity exercises on skeletal muscle recovery in athletes. Lasers Med Sci

  50. Paolillo FR, Ross A, Dutra DB, De Cassia Marqueti Durigan R, De Araujo HS, De Souza HCD, et al (2014) Low-level laser therapy associated with high intensity resistance training on cardiac autonomic control of heart rate and skeletal muscle remodeling in wistar rats. Lasers Surg Med

  51. Ferreira Junior A, Schamne JC, de Moraes SMF, Okuno NM (2018) Cardiac autonomic responses and number of repetitions maximum after LED irradiation in the ipsilateral and contralateral lower limb. Lasers Med Sci

  52. Batista JP, Mariano IM, Souza TCF, Costa JG, Giolo JS, Cheik NC, et al (2019) The acute effects of Mat pilates on hemodynamic and salivary nitrite responses after exercise in postmenopausal women. J Aging Phys Act

  53. Santana HAP, Moreira SR, Asano RY, Sales MM, Córdova C, Campbell CSG, et al (2013) Exercise intensity modulates nitric oxide and blood pressure responses in hypertensive older women. Aging Clin Exp Res

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior for the research grant (PNPD—CAPES); Fabio Yuzo Nakamura for the intellectual contribution made; and Solange de Paula Ramos for technical and equipment support.

Funding

The study received scholarship grants from the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (PNPD—CAPES – Victor Hugo de Freitas).

This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Uberlândia (CAAE: 07559319.5.0000.5152; nº 3.299.428).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Physical Education, Federal University of Uberlandia, Rua Benjamin Constant, 1286, Bairro: Aparecida, MG, 38400-678, Uberlândia, Brazil

    Victor Hugo de Freitas, Igor Moraes Mariano, Ana Luiza Amaral, Mateus Lima Rodrigues, Victor Hugo Vilarinho Carrijo & Guilherme Morais Puga

  2. Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil

    Victor Hugo de Freitas

Authors
  1. Victor Hugo de Freitas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Igor Moraes Mariano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ana Luiza Amaral
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mateus Lima Rodrigues
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Victor Hugo Vilarinho Carrijo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Guilherme Morais Puga
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guilherme Morais Puga.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

de Freitas, V.H., Mariano, I.M., Amaral, A.L. et al. Effects of light-emitting diode therapy on cardiovascular and salivary nitrite responses in postmenopausal women submitted to a single bout of high-intensity interval training. Lasers Med Sci 37, 2655–2665 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-022-03533-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-022-03533-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation