Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Rapid screening of hepatitis B using Raman spectroscopy and long short-term memory neural network

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Lasers in Medical Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study presents a rapid method to screen hepatitis B patients using serum Raman spectroscopy combined with long short-term memory neural network (LSTM). The serum samples taken from 435 hepatitis B patients and 699 non-hepatitis B people were measured in this experiment. Specific biomolecular changes in three groups of serum samples could be seen in the tentative assignment of Raman peaks. First, principal component analysis (PCA) was used for extracting key features of spectral data, which reduces the dimension of the multidimensional spectrum. Then, LSTM is used to train the spectral data. Finally, the full connection layer completes the classification of HBV. The diagnostic accuracy of the first LSTM model is 97.32%, and the value of AUC is 0.995. The results from the study demonstrate that the combination of serum Raman spectroscopy technique and LSTM provides an effective technical approach to the screening of hepatitis B.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Alisa L, Anna S, Lok (2019) Understanding the natural history of hepatitis B virus infection and the new definitions of cure and the endpoints of clinical trials. J Clinics in Liver Disease 23:401–416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Caroline C, Massimo L, Fabien Z, Caroline S (2019) Non-invasive biomarkers for chronic hepatitis B virus infection management. J Antiviral Res

  3. Li C, Zhu B, Lv S, You S, Xin S (2018) Prediction model of the progression of patients with acute deterioration of hepatitis B virus-related chronic liver disease to acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Medicine 97:e11915

    Google Scholar 

  4. Hu H-H, Liu J, Chang C-L, Jen C-L, Lee M-H, Lu S-N, Wang L-Y, Quan Y, Xia N-S, Chen C-J, Chen P-J, Yang H-I (2018) Level of hepatitis B (HB) core antibody associates with seroclearance of HBV DNA and HB surface antigen in HB e antigen-seronegative patients. J Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 17:39–40

    Google Scholar 

  5. Tahir K, Gul Z, Ikhlaq CM (2017) The transmission dynamic and optimal control of acute and chronic hepatitis B. Journal of Biological Dynamics 11:172–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Chevrier MC, St-Louis M, Perreault J, Caron B, Castilloux C, Laroche (2007) Detection and characterization of hepatitis B virus of anti-hepatitis B core antigen–reactive blood donors in Quebec with an in-house nucleic acid testing assay. J Transfusion 47:1794–1802

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Krajden M, Minor J, Cork L (1998) Multi-measurement method comparison of three commercial hepatitis B virus DNA quantification assays. J Viral Hepat 5:415–422

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Zheng X, Lv G, Zhang Y, Lv X, Gao Z, Tang T, Mo J (2019) Rapid and non-invasive screening of high renin hypertension using Raman spectroscopy and different classification algorithms. J Spectrochimica Acta Part A, Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 215:244–248

  9. Yan H, Yu M, Xia J, Zhu L, Zhang T, Zhu Z (2019) Tongue squamous cell carcinoma discrimination with Raman spectroscopy and convolutional neural networks. J Vibrational Spectroscopy 103:102938

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Mahmood T, Nawaz H, Ditta A, Majeed MI, Hanif MA, Rashid N, Bhatti HN, Nargis HF, Saleem M, Bonnier F, Byrne HJ (2018) Raman spectral analysis for rapid screening of dengue infection. J Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 200:136–142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Khan S, Ullah R, Khan A et al (2017) Random Forest-based evaluation of Raman spectroscopy for dengue fever analysis. J Appl Spectrosc 71:2111–2117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Khan S, Ullah R, Khan A et al (2016) Raman spectroscopic analysis of dengue virus infection in human blood sera. J Light Electron Opt 127:2086–2088

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Khan S, Ullah R, Khan AU, Wahab N, Bilal M, Ahmed M (2016) Analysis of dengue infection based on Raman spectroscopy and support vector machine. J Biomed Opt Express 7:2249

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Feng S, Chen R, Lin J, Pan J, Chen G, Li Y, Cheng M, Huang Z, Chen J, Zeng H (2010) Nasopharyngeal cancer detection based on blood plasma surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. J Biosensors And Bioelectronics 25:2414–2419

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Li SX, Zhang YJ, Xu JF, Li LF, Zeng QY, Lin L, Guo ZY, Liu ZM, Xiong HL, Liu SH (2014) Noninvasive prostate cancer screening based on serum surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and support vector machine. J Appl Phys Lett 105:091104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Feng SY, Pan JJ, Wu YA (2011) Study on gastric cancer blood plasma based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis. J Science China 54:828–834

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Ullah I, Ahmad I, Nisar H et al (2016) Computer assisted optical screening of human ovarian cancer using Raman spectroscopy. J Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 15:94–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Li XZ, Yang TY, Li SQ, Wang DL, Song YT, Zhang S (2016) Raman spectroscopy combined with principal component analysis and k nearest neighbour analysis for non-invasive detection of colon cancer. J Laser Phys 26:035702

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Weakley AT, Warwick PCT, Bitterwolf TE, Aston DE (2012) Multivariate analysis of micro-raman spectra of thermoplastic polyurethane blends using principal component analysis and principal component regression. J Appl Spectrosc 66:1269–1278

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Savitzky A, Golay MJE (1964) Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures. J Analytical Chemistry 36:1627–1639

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Li XZ, Yang TY, Li SQ, Wang DL, Song YT, Yu KD (2016) Different classification algorithms and serum surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy for noninvasive discrimination of gastric diseases. J Raman Spectrosc 47:917–925

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Sak Haşim, Senior A, Beaufays (2014) Françoise. Long Short-Term Memory Based Recurrent Neural Network Architectures for Large Vocabulary Speech Recognition. J Computer Sci

  23. Li H, Fan Y (2019) Interpretable, highly accurate brain decoding of subtly distinct brain states from functional MRI using intrinsic functional networks and long short-term memory recurrent neural networks. J NeuroImage 202:116059

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Z. C Lipton, D. C Kale, C Elkan, R Wetzell (2015) Learning to diagnose with LSTM recurrent neural networks. J Computer Sci

  25. Kingma D, Ba J, Adam A Method for stochastic optimization. J Computer Sci

  26. Gautam R, Vanga S, Madan A (2015) Raman spectroscopic studies on screening of myopathies. J Analytical Chemistry 87:2187–2194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Faraggi D, Reiser B (2002) Estimation of the area under the ROC curve. J Statistics in Medicine 21:3093–3106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Movasaghi Z, Rehman S, Rehman IU (2007) Raman spectroscopy of biological tissues. J Applied Spectroscopy Reviews 42:493–541

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Shetty G, Kendall C, Shepherd N (2006) Raman spectroscopy: elucidation of biochemical changes in carcinogenesis of oesophagus. J British Journal of Cancer 94:1460–1464

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Cheng WT, Liu MT, Liu HN, Lin SY (2005) Micro-Raman spectroscopy used to identify and grade human skin pilomatrixoma. J Microscopy Research and Technique 68:75–79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Joanna P a-K, Jakubowski H (2012) Paraoxonase 1 and homocysteine metabolism. J Amino Acids 43:1405–1417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Krafft C, Neudert L, Simat T, Salzer R (2005) Near infrared Raman spectra of human brain lipids. J Spectrochimica Acta, Part A 61:1529–1535

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Dukor R K (2006) Vibrational spectroscopy in the detection of cancer. J Handb Vibrational Spectrosc

  34. Baker Matthew J, Hussain Shawn R, Lila L, Valérie U, Caryn H, Lukaszewski Roman A, Gérard T, Sockalingum Ganesh D (2016) Developing and understanding biofluid vibrational spectroscopy: a critical review. J Chemical Society Reviews 47:1803–1818

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Stone N, Kendall C, Smith J, Crow P, Barr H (2004) Raman spectroscopy for identification of epithelial cancers. J Faraday Discussions 126:141–157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Ventura P, Rosa MC, Abbati G, Marchini S, Grandone E, Vergura P, Tremosini S, Luisa M, Zeneroli (2005) Hyperhomocysteinaemia in chronic liver diseases: role of disease stage, vitamin status and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genetics. J Liver International 25:49–56

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. YueKe Z, ZhongPing D, BaoEn W (2012) Therapeutic effects of silybin-phosphatidylcholine compound on patients with chronic hepatitis. J Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 11:1673–548X

    Google Scholar 

  38. Li YJ, Zhu P, Yu L, Yin WG, Xiao JH (2013) Hepatitis B virus induces expression of cholesterol metabolism-related genes via TLR2 in HepG2 cells. J World Journal of Gastroenterology 19:2262–2269

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ruiz-Chica AJ, Medina MA, Sánchez-Jiménez F, Ramírez FJ (2004) Characterization by Raman spectroscopy of conformational changes on guaninecytosine and adenine-thymine oligonucleotides induced by aminooxy analogues of spermidine. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 35:93–100

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kand'ár R, Drábková P, Toiflová T, Alexandr C (2016) Determination of selected amino acids in serum of patients with liver disease. J Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine 25:1227–1239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Stone N, Prieto MCH, Crow P, Uff J, Ritchie AW (2007) The use of Raman spectroscopy to provide an estimation of the gross biochemistry associated with urological pathologies. J Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 387:1657–1668

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Das K, Stone N, Kendall C, Fowler C, Christie-Brown (2006) Raman spectroscopy of parathyroid tissue pathology. J Lasers in medical science 21(4):192–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Hadziyannis S, Karamanos B (1999) Diabetes mellitus and chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatology 29(2):604–605

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Carter D, He X, Munson S et al (1989) Three-dimensional structure of human serum albumin. J Science 244(4909):1195–1198

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Roy S, Perez-Guaita D, Bowden S, Heraud P, Wood BR (2020) Spectroscopy goes viral: diagnosis of hepatitis B and C virus infection from human sera using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. J Clinical Spectroscopy 100001

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (No. 61765014); Reserve Talents Project of National High-level Personnel of Special Support Program (QN2016YX0324); Urumqi Science and Technology Project (No.P161310002 and Y161010025); and Reserve Talents Project of National High-level Personnel of Special Support Program (Xinjiang [2014]22).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Software Engineering, Xin Jiang University, Urumuqi, 830000, China

    Xin Wang, Shengwei Tian & Xiaoyi Lv

  2. College of Network Center, Xin Jiang University, Urumuqi, 830046, China

    Long Yu

  3. Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumuqi, 830000, China

    Zhaoxia Zhang

Authors
  1. Xin Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shengwei Tian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Long Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Xiaoyi Lv
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Zhaoxia Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Long Yu or Xiaoyi Lv.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Approval of the ethics committee was obtained to study human blood serum samples.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, X., Tian, S., Yu, L. et al. Rapid screening of hepatitis B using Raman spectroscopy and long short-term memory neural network. Lasers Med Sci 35, 1791–1799 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-020-03003-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-020-03003-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation