Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of low-level laser therapy combined with toluidine blue on polysaccharides and biofilm of Streptococcus mutans

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Lasers in Medical Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a low-level laser therapy in combination with toluidine blue on polysaccharides and biofilm of Streptococcus mutans. S. mutans biofilms were formed on acrylic resin blocks. These biofilms were exposed eight times/day to 10 % sucrose, and two times/day, they were subjected to one of the following treatments: G1, 0.9 % NaCl as a negative control; G2, 0.12 % chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) as a positive antibacterial control; and G3 and G4 antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) combined with toluidine blue using dosages of 320 and 640 J/cm2, respectively. The experiment was performed in triplicate. The biofilm formed on each block was collected for determination of the viable bacteria and concentration of insoluble extracellular polysaccharides (IEPS) and intracellular polysaccharides (IPS). CHX and aPDT treatments were able to inhibit bacterial growth in comparison with negative control (p < 0.05). The aPDT treatment reduced the number of viable bacteria formed in the S. mutans biofilm, in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). The concentration of IEPS and IPS in the biofilms formed in presence of aPDT did not differ each other or in comparison to CHX (p > 0.05). The results suggest that low-level laser therapy presents effects on biofilm bacteria viability and in polysaccharides concentration.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Marsh PD (2010) Microbiology of dental plaque biofilms and their role in oral health and caries. Dent Clin North Am 54:441–454

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bowen WH (2015) Dental caries—not just holes in teeth! A perspective. Mol Oral Microbiol 7:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  3. Krzyściak W, Jurczak A, Kościelniak D, Bystrowska B, Skalniak A (2014) The virulence of Streptococcus mutans and the ability to form biofilms. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 33:499–515

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Sutherland I (2001) Biofilm exopolysaccharides: a strong and sticky framework. Microbiology 147:3–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Wood SR, Kirkham J, Marsh PD, Shore RC, Nattress B, Robinson C (2000) Architecture of intact natural human plaque biofilms studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy. J Dent Res 79:21–27

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Cury JA, Rebello MA, Del Bel Cury AA (1997) In situ relationship between sucrose exposure and the composition of dental plaque. Caries Res 31:356–360

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Cury JA, Rebelo MA, Del Bel Cury AA, Derbyshire MT, Tabchoury CP (2000) Biochemical composition and cariogenicity of dental plaque formed in the presence of sucrose or glucose and fructose. Caries Res 34:491–497

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Nobre dos Santos M, Melo dos Santos L, Francisco SB, Cury JA (2002) Relationship among dental plaque composition, daily sugar exposure and caries in the primary dentition. Caries Res 36:347–352

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Dibdin GH, Shellis RP (1988) Physical and biochemical studies of Streptococcus mutans sediments suggest new factors linking the cariogenicity of plaque with its extracellular polysaccharide content. J Dent Res 67:890–895

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Busuioc M, Mackiewicz K, Buttaro BA, Piggot PJ (2009) Role of intracellular polysaccharide in persistence of Streptococcus mutans. J Bacteriol 191:7315–7322

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Hamblin MR, Hasan T (2004) Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease? Photochem Photobiol Sci 3:436–450

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Cieplik F, Tabenski L, Buchalla W, Maisch T (2014) Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for inactivation of biofilms formed by oral key pathogens. Front Microbiol 5:405

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Zanin IC, Gonçalves RB, Junior AB, Hope CK, Pratten J (2005) Susceptibility of Streptococcus mutans biofilms to photodynamic therapy: an in vitro study. J Antimicrob Chemother 56:324–330

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Zanin ICJ, Lobo MM, Rodrigues LKA, Pimenta LAF, Hofling JF, Gonçalves RB (2006) Photosensitization of in vitro biofilms by toluidine blue O combined with a light-emitting diode. Eur J Oral Sci 114:64–69

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Koo H, Hayacibara MF, Schobel BD, Cury JA, Rosalen PL, Park YK, Vacca-Smith AM, Bowen WH (2003) Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans biofilm accumulation and polysaccharide production by apigenin and tt-farnesol. J Antimicrob Chemother 52:782–789

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Ccahuana-Vásquez RA, Cury JA (2010) S. mutans biofilm model to evaluate antimicrobial substances and enamel demineralization. Braz Oral Res 24:135–141

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Aires CP, Del Bel Cury AA, Tenuta LM, Klein MI, Koo H, Duarte S, Cury JA (2008) Effect of starch and sucrose on dental biofilm formation and on root dentine demineralization. Caries Res 42:380–386

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Tenuta LM, Ricomini Filho AP, Del Bel Cury AA, Cury JA (2006) Effect of sucrose on the selection of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in dental biofilm formed in situ. Caries Res 40:546–549

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Dubois M, Gillis KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers PA, Smith F (1956) Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analyt Chem 28:350–356

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Davey ME, O’toole GA (2000) Microbial biofilms: from ecology to molecular genetics. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 64:847–867

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Araújo NC, Fontana CR, Bagnato VS, Gerbi ME (2014) Photodynamic antimicrobial therapy of curcumin in biofilms and carious dentine. Lasers Med Sci 29:629–635

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. de Guglielmi CA, Simionato MR, Ramalho KM, Imparato JC, Pinheiro SL, Luz MA (2011) Clinical use of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy for the treatment of deep carious lesions. J Biomed Opt 16:0880031–0880037

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Melo MA, Rolim JP, Passos VF, Lima RA, Zanin IC, Codes BM, Rocha SS, Rodrigues LK (2015) Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy and ultraconservative caries removal linked for management of deep caries lesions. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 29

  24. Walsh LJ (1997) The current status of low level laser therapy in dentistry. Part 1. Soft tissue applications. Aust Dent J 42:247–254

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Santin GC, Oliveira DS, Galo R, Borsatto MC, Corona SA (2014) Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and dental plaque: a systematic review of the literature. Sci World J 2014:824538

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hamada S, Slade HD (1980) Biology, immunology, and cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutans. Microbiol Rev 44:331–384

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Varoni E, Tarce M, Lodi G, Carrassi A (2012) Chlorhexidine (CHX) in dentistry: state of the art. Minerva Stomatol 61:399–419

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Soukos NS, Goodson JM (2011) Photodynamic therapy in the control of oral biofilms. Periodontol 55:143–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Konopka K, Goslinski T (2007) Photodynamic therapy in dentistry. J Dent Res 86:694–707

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. O’Neill JF, Hope CK, Wilson M (2002) Oral bacteria in multi-species biofilms can be killed by red light in the presence of toluidine blue. Lasers Surg Med 31:86–90

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Gursoy H, Ozcakir-Tomruk C, Tanalp J, Yilmaz S (2013) Photodynamic therapy in dentistry: a literature review. Clin Oral Investig 17:1113–1125

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Basso FG, Oliveira CF, Fontana A, Kurachi C, Bagnato VS, Spolidório DM, Hebling J, de Souza Costa CA (2011) In vitro effect of low-level laser therapy on typical oral microbial biofilms. Braz Dent J 22:502–510

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Feuerstein O, Persman N, Weiss EI (2004) Phototoxic effect of visible light on Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum: an in vitro study. Photochem Photobiol 80:412–415

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank Mrs. Ana Cristina Morseli Polizello, Mrs Ana Carolina dos Santos, and Mrs Luciana Angulo for their technical assistance and the National Council for the Improvement of Higher Education (CAPES) for their financial support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil

    S. S. de Sousa Farias, M. A. Nemezio & M. C. Borsatto

  2. Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil

    S. A. M. Corona

  3. Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil

    C. P. Aires

Authors
  1. S. S. de Sousa Farias
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. A. Nemezio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. S. A. M. Corona
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. C. P. Aires
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. M. C. Borsatto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to C. P. Aires.

Ethics declarations

Ethical standards

The manuscript does not contain clinical studies or patient data.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Funding

This study was funded by National Council for the Improvement of Higher Education (CAPES).

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

de Sousa Farias, S.S., Nemezio, M.A., Corona, S.A.M. et al. Effects of low-level laser therapy combined with toluidine blue on polysaccharides and biofilm of Streptococcus mutans . Lasers Med Sci 31, 1011–1016 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-016-1944-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-016-1944-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation