Abstract
Handmade carpets are of high importance in culture and art and play a vital role in economy. These days, there is a great desire to produce handmade carpets by using natural materials and methods. Traditionally, in the production of Iranian handmade carpets, natural raw materials such as dyes and fibers have been used. Natural fibers like wool, cotton, and silk cannot typically be dyed using only natural colors. They require metal salt compounds as mordants for improving their fastness properties, promoting dye adsorption on the fibers, and providing a range of colors. In order to prepare a completely eco-friendly carpet, metal and toxic mordants should be replaced by herbal ones. This paper attempts to investigate the red color gamut of wool yarns achieved through a clean dyeing method with madder using biomordants instead of metallic mordants. To this aim, various concentrations of madder were applied on wool yarns pre-mordanted with different concentrations of mineral mordants and biomordants. The results showed that, in addition to the light, wash, and rubbing fastness properties, biomordants were able to match the color gamut of wool yarns pre-mordanted with mineral mordants and dyed with madder. As a result, clean production of Iranian handmade carpets in the shade of red color is feasible.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation was performed by Prof. KG. The data collection and analysis was performed by Dr. RJ. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Dr. RJ. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Jafari, R., Gharanjig, K. Clean production of handmade carpets: toward the red color gamut. Clean Techn Environ Policy 26, 2597–2609 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-024-02770-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-024-02770-w