Abstract
Phosphorus recovery is essential, especially from wastewater containing high levels of phosphorus from the semiconductor industries, food companies, and livestock. This study aims to determine how pH, Fe/P molar ratio, and Zn/P molar ratio affect the crystallization of ferrous phosphate. Response surface methodology—central composite design was utilized to optimize the recovery efficiency of ferrous phosphate in a fluidized bed crystallization reactor. The pH and Fe/P molar ratio were adjusted within the ranges of 3.8 to 9.6 and 0.58 to 3.40, respectively, for the fluidized bed crystallization. The Zn/P molar ratio parameter was set between 0.1 and 1.0 to evaluate the impact of zinc. Following optimization by response surface analysis, the phosphorus removal efficiency was nearly 100% at pH 7.3, Fe/P molar ratio of 2.5, and the phosphate crystal efficiency was 60.3% at pH 6.8, Fe/P molar ratio of 1.9. In addition, the study discovered that zinc ion would significantly reduce the efficiency of ferrous phosphate recovery during the crystallization process, with the maximum phosphate crystal efficiency declines to 47% at Zn/P molar ratio of 0.5.
Graphical abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Data availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are available within the article.
Abbreviations
- FBC:
-
Fluidized bed crystallization
- RSM:
-
Response surface methodology
- CCD:
-
Central composite design
- PR:
-
Phosphorus removal efficiency
- PC:
-
Phosphate crystal efficiency
- SS:
-
Sum of squares
- DF:
-
Degree of freedom
- MS:
-
Mean square
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
- F-value:
-
Ratio of variances
- P-value:
-
Statistical criterion
- R 2 :
-
Coefficient of multiple determinations
- R 2 adj. :
-
Adjusted statistic coefficient
- R 2 pred. :
-
Predicted statistic coefficient
References
AzadiAghdam M, Park M, Lopez-Prieto IJ, Achilli A, Snyder SA, Farrell J (2020) Pretreatment for water reuse using fluidized bed crystallization. J Water Process Eng 35:101226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101226
Dai H, Tan X, Zhu H, Sun T, Wang X (2018) Effects of commonly occurring metal ions on hydroxyapatite crystallization for phosphorus recovery from wastewater. Water 10(11):1619. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111619
Huang H, Li B, Li J, Zhang P, Yu W, Zhao N, Guo G, Young B (2019) Influence of process parameters on the heavy metal (Zn2+, Cu2+ and Cr3+) content of struvite obtained from synthetic swine wastewater. Environ Pollut 245:658–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.046
Kumari S, Jose S, Tyagi M, Jagadevan S (2020) A holistic and sustainable approach for recovery of phosphorus via struvite crystallization from synthetic distillery wastewater. J Clean Prod 254:120037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120037
Le V-G, Vo D-VN, Nguyen N-H, Shih Y-J, Vu C-T, Liao C-H, Huang Y-H (2021a) Struvite recovery from swine wastewater using fluidized-bed homogeneous granulation process. J Environ Chem Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.105019
Le VG, Vo DVN, Vu CT, Bui XT, Shih YJ, Huang YH (2021b) Applying a novel sequential double-column fluidized bed crystallization process to the recovery of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium from swine wastewater. ACS ES&T Water 1(3):707–718. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.0c00185
Li B, Huang HM, Boiarkina I, Yu W, Huang YF, Wang GQ, Young BR (2019) Phosphorus recovery through struvite crystallisation: recent developments in the understanding of operational factors. J Environ Manag 248:109254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.07.025
Pahunang RR, Ballesteros FC, de Luna MDG, Vilando AC, Lu M-C (2019) Optimum recovery of phosphate from simulated wastewater by unseeded fluidized-bed crystallization process. Sep Purif Technol 212:783–790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.11.087
Priambodo R, Shih Y-J, Huang Y-H (2017) Phosphorus recovery as ferrous phosphate (vivianite) from wastewater produced in manufacture of thin film transistor-liquid crystal displays (TFT-LCD) by a fluidized bed crystallizer (FBC). RSC Adv 7(65):40819–40828. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra06308c
Tervahauta T, van der Weijden RD, Flemming RL, Hernandez Leal L, Zeeman G, Buisman CJ (2014) Calcium phosphate granulation in anaerobic treatment of black water: a new approach to phosphorus recovery. Water Res 48:632–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.012
Tomei MC, Stazi V, Daneshgar S, Capodaglio AG (2020) Holistic approach to phosphorus recovery from urban wastewater: enhanced biological removal combined with precipitation. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020575
USEPA M (1983) Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes
van der Kooij S, van Vliet BJM, Stomph TJ, Sutton NB, Anten NPR, Hoffland E (2020) Phosphorus recovered from human excreta: a socio-ecological-technical approach to phosphorus recycling. Resour Conserv Recycl. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104744
Wang HG, Huang H, Liu RL, Mao YP, Biswal BK, Chen GH, Wu D (2019) Investigation on polyphosphate accumulation in the sulfur transformation-centric EBPR (SEBPR) process for treatment of high-temperature saline wastewater. Water Res 167:115138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115138
Wilfert P, Kumar PS, Korving L, Witkamp G-J, van Loosdrecht MC (2015) The relevance of phosphorus and iron chemistry to the recovery of phosphorus from wastewater: a review. Environ Sci Technol 49(16):9400–9414
Wu Y, Cao J, Zhang T, Zhao J, Xu R, Zhang Q, Fang F, Luo J (2020) A novel approach of synchronously recovering phosphorus as vivianite and volatile fatty acids during waste activated sludge and food waste co-fermentation: performance and mechanisms. Bioresour Technol 305:123078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123078
Ye Z-L, Chen S-H, Wang S-M, Lin L-F, Yan Y-J, Zhang Z-J, Chen J-S (2010) Phosphorus recovery from synthetic swine wastewater by chemical precipitation using response surface methodology. J Hazard Mater 176(1–3):1083–1088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.129
Zin MMT, Kim D-J (2019) Struvite production from food processing wastewater and incinerated sewage sludge ash as an alternative N and P source: optimization of multiple resources recovery by response surface methodology. Process Saf Environ Prot 126:242–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2019.04.018
Zin MMT, Tiwari D, Kim D-J (2020) Maximizing ammonium and phosphate recovery from food wastewater and incinerated sewage sludge ash by optimal Mg dose with RSM. J Ind Eng Chem 86:136–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2020.02.020
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Central Taiwan Science Park, Taichung, Taiwan, for supporting this research. We also acknowledge the help of particular members of S.-H. Chuang's Lab (Mr. Yao-Hung Sun and Mr. Sheng-Yan Lin).
Funding
This research was conducted using the institution’s own resource.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
T-YH was involved in study conceptualization, investigation, and writing of the manuscript. Y-RY helped in manuscript reviewing and editing. S-HC contributed to overall study conceptualization, supervision, and manuscript reviewing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Huang, TY., Yang, YR. & Chuang, SH. Investigating the recovery of ferrous phosphate in a fluidized bed crystallizer by response surface methodology. Clean Techn Environ Policy 26, 2547–2556 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-024-02758-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-024-02758-6