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A novel synthesis of iron-oxy-halides (FOX)-based metallic microsponges (FOX-MS): an efficient photodegradation of antibiotics

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Abstract

The present study is related to the synthesis of metallic oxy halide nanosheets (FOX) assembled metallic micron-sponge (FOX-MS)-based photocatalytic materials using hydrothermal process to degrade tetracycline (TC) antibiotics. The synthesis of FOX-MS is accomplished by exchanging O− with I− that efficiently tunes the electronic structure (Fe3O4 or Fe2O3 to form FeOI) and band gap of FeOI. Interestingly, the band gap value decreases with increasing the reaction temperature from 120 to 180 °C attributed to the formation of stable FeOI due to maximum O− exchange with I−. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy were used to characterize synthesized FOX-MS-based photocatalyst materials. Additionally, upon increasing the Fe metal amount (from 0.5 to 1 mM) during the synthesis the band gap decreases. However, further increment in the amount of Fe metal during synthesis increases the band gap value. The lower band gap value of ~ 1.82 eV with ECB and EVB value of 0.48 eV and 2.3 eV is in good agreement with the reported low band gap semiconductors for the degradation of various pollutants. The synthesized FOX-MS was efficiently degrading ~ 63% at 10 mgL−1 of TC. Interestingly, Fenton activity of FOX-MS-based photocatalytic materials improved the TC degradation and achieved maximum degradation of ~ 94% at 10 mgL−1 of TC antibiotics. The degradation of TC antibiotics was also performed under acidic and basic pH conditions to confirm the mechanistic pattern of degradation of TC using FeOI-based metallic microsponge. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the synthesis of FeOI metallic microsponge using a hydrothermal process.

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Data availability

No data were used for this research. Materials were provided on request subject to availability.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the financial support by ANID through FONDECYT projects No. 3190515 and 3190581.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Advanced Ceramics and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Concepción, 4070409, Concepción, Chile

    Neetu Talreja & Mohammad Ashfaq

  2. Department of Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Alliance University, Anekal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 562106, India

    Neetu Talreja

  3. Department of Biotechnology, University Centre for Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Gharaun, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India

    Mohammad Ashfaq

  4. Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti, 1208-A, Pandit Deendayal Antyodaya Bhawan, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110003, India

    Divya Chauhan

  5. Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Diagonal las Torres 2640, Peñalolén, Santiago, Chile

    Ramalinga Viswanathan Mangalaraja

  6. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641021, India

    Ramalinga Viswanathan Mangalaraja

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  1. Neetu Talreja
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  2. Mohammad Ashfaq
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  4. Ramalinga Viswanathan Mangalaraja
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Contributions

NT contributed to the design, experiment, and writing the manuscript. MA performed some experiments, wrote the manuscript and characterized samples. DC characterized the sample and draw figures. RVM revised the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Neetu Talreja or Ramalinga Viswanathan Mangalaraja.

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Talreja, N., Ashfaq, M., Chauhan, D. et al. A novel synthesis of iron-oxy-halides (FOX)-based metallic microsponges (FOX-MS): an efficient photodegradation of antibiotics. Clean Techn Environ Policy 26, 2535–2546 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-024-02748-8

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