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Review of the materials composition and performance evolution of green alkali-activated cementitious materials

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Abstract

Alkali-activated cementitious materials (AAMs) are a kind of green building materials compared to Portland cement components. This review considers the related research on the AAMs to systematically summarize the results on its materials composition and performance influencing factors. The precursor material is mainly industrial solid waste containing Al2O3 and SiO2. The alkali activator is compound containing caustic alkali and basic elements, which can provide an alkaline environment. Meanwhile, some new green precursors and alkali activators are summarized in this review. The main mechanism of alkali-activated reaction is that the hydroxide ion from the alkali activator nucleophilically attacks the covalent bonds of Al–O and Si–O in the precursor material, which generates Si(OH)4 and Al(OH)4−. They generate three-dimensional network gel of tetrahedral structure of [SiO4] and [AlO4]− through polycondensation reaction, which forms cement stone-like block material after setting and hardening. Too high or too low concentration of alkali activator is detrimental to the workability and mechanical properties of AAMs. When the ratio of Na/K to Al is small, the mechanical properties of AAMs are reduced. When the Ca content in the AAM is high, calcium ions enter the polycondensation chain and reduce the degree of polymerization and mechanical properties of the aluminosilicate gel phase and increase the shrinkage deformation. The hydration products in the AAM are free of calcium hydroxide, calcium aluminate hydrate, ettringite, etc., and can resist the erosion of acid and sulfate media. The main aim is to provide an informed outlook on the advantages and drawbacks of AAMs and present a comprehensive review of the studies performed in this area.

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Alkali-activated cementitious materials

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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51602198) and the Opening Funds of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Construction Materials (Grant No. CM2018-02).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Construction Materials, Nanjing, 211189, China

    Xiaoniu Yu

  2. School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410075, China

    Jinyan Shi

  3. College of Civil Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China

    Zhihai He

  4. Department of Civil Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye

    Çağlar Yalçınkaya

  5. Department of Civil Engineering, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Burgos, c/ Villadiego s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain

    Víctor Revilla-Cuesta

  6. Department of Civil Engineering, Bartin University, 74100, Bartin, Türkiye

    Osman Gencel

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Xiaoniu Yu contributed to the conception of the study; Jinyan Shi and Zhihai He performed the data analyses and wrote the manuscript; Çağlar Yalçınkaya, Víctor Revilla-Cuesta and Osman Gencel helped perform the analysis with constructive discussions.

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Yu, X., Shi, J., He, Z. et al. Review of the materials composition and performance evolution of green alkali-activated cementitious materials. Clean Techn Environ Policy 25, 1439–1459 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-023-02478-3

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