Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis including relevant resistance-associated mutations in a single center in the Netherlands

  • Original Article
  • Published:
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

In this study, we report the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) amongst clinical specimens of patients suspected for sexually transmitted infections received at our laboratory and in addition report the prevalence of resistance-associated mutations (RAM) for ciprofloxacin in NG and azithromycin and moxifloxacin in MG.

Methods

All specimens received from December 2018 to May 2019 were tested for the four pathogens. In addition, the presence of RAM associated with resistance to ciprofloxacin in NG and to azithromycin and moxifloxacin in MG was determined by different real-time PCR assays on all NG- and MG-positive specimens.

Results

CT was detected most often (267/2613, 10.2%), followed by MG (106/2592, 4.1%), NG (41/2613, 1.6%) and TV (10/2592, 0.4%) amongst all specimens. The prevalence of ciprofloxacin RAM in NG was 21.2%, and the prevalence of RAM in MG was 40.6% for azithromycin and 8.1% for moxifloxacin. Nearly all specimens containing moxifloxacin-resistant MG also contained azithromycin-resistant MG.

Conclusion

CT is found most often in our population followed by MG and NG. By using molecular assays to detect RAM supplementary to pathogen identification of NG and MG, optimal therapy can be advised.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Data is available upon request. Material is available when stored and upon request.

References

  1. National multidisciplinar guideline for STIs (in Dutch). Accessed 22–01- 2020, https://www.soaaids.nl/files/2020-01/mdr-multidisciplinaire-richtlijn-soa-2018-update-2019-versie-oktober-2019.pdf

  2. de Jong AS, Rahamat-Langendoen JC, van Alphen P, Hilt N, van Herk C, Pont S, Melchers W, van de Bovenkamp J (2016) Large two-centre study into the prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis in the Netherlands. Int J STD AIDS 27:856–860

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Jenniskens ML, Veerbeek JH, Deurloo KL, van Hannen EJ, Thijsen SF (2017) Routine testing of Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis. Infect Dis (Lond) 49:461–465

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. van der Veer C, van Rooijen MS, Himschoot M, de Vries HJ, Bruisten SM (2016) Trichomonas vaginalis and Mycoplasma genitalium: age-specific prevalence and disease burden in men attending a sexually transmitted infections clinic in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Sex Transm Infect 92:83–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Staritsky L, Van Aar F, Visser M, Op de Coul E, Heijne J, Gotz H, Nielen M, Van Sighem A, Van Benthem B (2020) Surveillance report: sexually transmitted infections in the Netherlands in 2019. https://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/2020-0052.pdf

  6. Jensen JS, Cusini M, Gomberg M, Moi H (2016) 2016 European guideline on Mycoplasma genitalium infections. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 30:1650–1656

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Braam JF, Slotboom B, Van Marm S, Severs TT, Van Maarseveen NM, Van Zwet T, Boel ECH, Berkhout H, Hagen F, Van De Bovenkamp JHB, Van Dommelen L, Kusters JG (2017) High prevalence of the A2058T macrolide resistance-associated mutation in Mycoplasma genitalium strains from the Netherlands. J Antimicrob Chemother 72:1529–1530

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Martens L, Kuster S, de Vos W, Kersten M, Berkhout H, Hagen F (2019) Macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium in Southeastern Region of the Netherlands, 2014-2017. Emerg Infect Dis 25:1297–1303

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Nijhuis RH, Severs TT, Van der Vegt DS, Van Zwet AA, Kusters JG (2015) High levels of macrolide resistance-associated mutations in Mycoplasma genitalium warrant antibiotic susceptibility-guided treatment. J Antimicrob Chemother 70:2515–2518

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Braam JF, van Dommelen L, Henquet CJM, van de Bovenkamp JHB, Kusters JG (2017) Multidrug-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium infections in Europe. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 36:1565–1567

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. De Jong AS, Lestrade B, Broeren, M. A. P. M., Vet JAM, Rahamat-Langendoen JC, Trienekens TAM (EV0194, ePoster ECCMID 2017) Real-time PCR for routine first-line STI screening of Mycoplasma genitalium resistance against macrolide antibiotics

  12. Le Roy C, Bebear C, Pereyre S (2020) Clinical evaluation of three commercial PCR assays for the detection of macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma genitalium. J Clin Microbiol 58(2):e01478–e01419

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. de Korne-Elenbaas J, Pol A, Vet J, Dierdorp M, van Dam AP, Bruisten SM (2020) Simultaneous detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Fluoroquinolone resistance mutations to enable rapid prescription of oral antibiotics. Sex Transm Dis 47:238–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Jensen JS, Bjornelius E, Dohn B, Lidbrink P (2004) Use of TaqMan 5′ nuclease real-time PCR for quantitative detection of Mycoplasma genitalium DNA in males with and without urethritis who were attendees at a sexually transmitted disease clinic. J Clin Microbiol 42:683–692

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Le Roy C, Pereyre S, Henin N, Bebear C (2017) French prospective clinical evaluation of the Aptima Mycoplasma genitalium CE-IVD assay and macrolide resistance detection using three distinct assays. J Clin Microbiol 55:3194–3200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Unemo M, Salado-Rasmussen K, Hansen M, Olsen AO, Falk M, Golparian D, Aasterod M, Ringlander J, Nilsson CS, Sundqvist M, Schonning K, Moi H, Westh H, Jensen JS (2018) Clinical and analytical evaluation of the new Aptima Mycoplasma genitalium assay, with data on M. genitalium prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in M. genitalium in Denmark, Norway and Sweden in 2016. Clin Microbiol Infect 24:533–539

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Geraats-Peters CW, Brouwers M, Schneeberger PM, van der Zanden AG, Bruisten SM, Weers-Pothoff G, Boel CH, van den Brule AJ, Harmsen HG, Hermans MH (2005) Specific and sensitive detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in clinical specimens by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 43:5653–5659

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Dona V, Low N, Golparian D, Unemo M (2017) Recent advances in the development and use of molecular tests to predict antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 17:845–859

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Soni S, Horner P, Rayment M, Pinto-Sander N, Naous N, Parkhouse A, Bancroft D, Patterson C, Fifer H (2019) British Association for Sexual Health and HIV national guideline for the management of infection with Mycoplasma genitalium (2018). Int J STD AIDS 30:938–950

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank the team of technicians from the molecular diagnostics section for the help with collecting the specimens and performing original testing. In addition, we thank Aart-Jan Teertstra for support in reporting the data. Jacqueline Vet (NYtor B.V.) and Ton van Zwet are thanked for constructive discussions on the study design. Finally, we would like to thank Antoinette Brink (Pathofinder) for performing sequencing analysis to complete the data in this study.

Code availability

Not applicable.

Funding

This work was funded by a grant obtained from the European funding for regional development: Operationeel Programma Oost-Nederland 2014-2020 “Snelle SOA resistentie diagnostiek” (PROJ-00832).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Microbiology and Medical Immunology, Meander MC, Amersfoort, The Netherlands

    R. H. T. Nijhuis, R. G. Duinsbergen & P. C. R. Godschalk

  2. NYtor B.V., Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    A. Pol

Authors
  1. R. H. T. Nijhuis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. G. Duinsbergen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A. Pol
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. P. C. R. Godschalk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. H. T. Nijhuis.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

The medical research involving human subjects act (WMO) does not apply to this study as concluded by the Medical Research Ethics Committees United (MEC-U, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands).

Informed consent

Not applicable. A patient and corresponding diagnostic data was included only if the patient had not specifically indicated that sample material and data could not be used for other purposes than diagnosis of disease, as regulated by law and stated in “Human tissue and medical research: code of conduct for responsible use” (2011).

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(DOCX 22 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Nijhuis, R.H.T., Duinsbergen, R.G., Pol, A. et al. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis including relevant resistance-associated mutations in a single center in the Netherlands. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 40, 591–595 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-020-04061-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-020-04061-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation