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Endoplasmic reticulum's role in multiple sclerosis, exploring potential biomarkers, and pioneering therapeutic strategies: a comprehensive review of literature

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Abstract

Backgroud

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a complex and chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. Inflammation and demyelination characterize it, which results in a range of neurological impairments. The increasing worldwide occurrence of MS, affecting an estimated 2.8 million individuals in 2020, highlights the urgent requirement for further research to tackle the significant impact it has on individuals and healthcare systems globally.

Objective

In this study, we wanted to explore the complex function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the origin, development, and resolution of MS, emphasizing its importance in neuroinflammatory illnesses. The ER has become a central focus in comprehending the pathogenesis of MS. Upon reviewing the literature, we observed a lack of thorough analysis that explores the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress in multiple sclerosis. Thus, we aimed through this research to examine the correlations between ER stress and its influence on immunological dysregulation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration in MS.

Findings

Based on the latest clinical trials, we suggested theories that explore possible biomarkers linked to ER stress and the unfolded protein response. Identifying molecules that are suggestive of early stages of illness and can serve as prognostic tools for improving our understanding of the heterogeneity of MS and offering novel approaches for managing the disease. Finally, through our comprehensive search, we wanted to offer a plan for future research, suggesting new and creative methods for managing MS and encouraging the creation of specific treatments that aim to reduce the impact of MS on individuals worldwide.

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Data availability

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Level 6, West Wing, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK

    Hamid Noori

  2. Jordanian University of Science and Technology, Ar-Ramtha, Jordan

    Zainab Jamal Alazzeh

  3. Department of Medicine, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan

    Obaid Ur Rehman

  4. Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan

    Muhammad Idrees

  5. Al-Kindy College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

    Mohammad Dheyaa Marsool Marsool

  6. Department of Medicine, CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan

    Khawaja Abdul Rehman

  7. Topiwala National Medical College & Bai Yamunabai Laxman Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, India

    Krutika Mahendra Gohil

  8. Reviana Innovations Private Ltd, Delhi, NCR, India

    Sundus Shafat Ahmad

  9. Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan

    Tushar Subash

  10. University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK

    Kayla Dixon

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  1. Hamid Noori
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Contributions

Hamid Noori: Conceptualization, Writing—Review & Editing. Zainab Jamal Alezzah: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing—Original Draft. Obaid Ur Rehman: Methodology, Writing—Original Draft. Muhammad Idrees: Writing—Original Draft. Mohammad Dheyaa Marsool Marsool: Writing—Original Draft. Khawaja Abdul Rehman: Writing—Original Draft. Krutika Mahendra Gohil: Writing—Original Draft. Sundus Shafat Ahmad: Writing—Original Draft. Tushar Subash: Writing—Original Draft. Kayla Dixon: Writing—Original Draft.

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Correspondence to Khawaja Abdul Rehman.

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Noori, H., Alazzeh, Z.J., Rehman, O.U. et al. Endoplasmic reticulum's role in multiple sclerosis, exploring potential biomarkers, and pioneering therapeutic strategies: a comprehensive review of literature. Neurol Sci (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-024-07766-4

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