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Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in multiple myeloma: a case report of a patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection and an updated systematic literature review

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Abstract

Background

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by a reactivation of the human polyomavirus 2 (HPyV-2, previously known as JCV) in immunosuppressed individuals. Few cases of PML have been described in multiple myeloma (MM) patients.

Methods

We described a case of PML in a patient with MM with fatal worsening that occurred during SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also performed a literature review to update the 16 cases series of MM patients with PML already collected until April 2020.

Results

A 79-year-old female patient with refractory IgA lambda MM in Pomalidomide- Cyclophosphamide-Dexamethasone regimen developed gradual lower limbs and left arm paresis along with a decreased consciousness 3.5 years after the MM diagnosis. Symptoms developed shortly after the recognition of hypogammaglobulinemia. After SARS-CoV-2 infection, her neurological status quickly worsened until she deceased. MRI features and JCV-positive PCR on CSF confirmed the PML diagnosis.

Our literature review adds sixteen clinical cases of PML in MM published between May 2020 and March 2023 to the 16 cases already collected in the previously published review by Koutsavlis.

Discussion

PML has been increasingly described in MM patients. It remains questionable if the HPyV-2 reactivation is determined by the severity of MM itself, by the effect of drugs or by a combination of both. SARS-CoV-2 infection may have a role in worsening PML in affected patients.

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Author notes

  1. M. Paolucci and L. Gentile contributed equally to this manuscript.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. UOC Neurologia e Rete Stroke Metropolitana, Ospedale Maggiore, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Largo Bartolo Nigrisoli, 2, Bologna, 40133, Italy

    Matteo Paolucci, Luana Gentile, Mauro Gentile, Annamaria Borghi, Elena Merli & Andrea Zini

  2. Infectious Disease Unit, Department for Integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Elisa Marchionni & Luca Guerra

  3. UOSI Neuroradiologia Ospedale Maggiore, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Simone Galluzzo & Luigi Simonetti

  4. Intensive Care Unit, Maggiore Hospital, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Nicola Cilloni

Authors
  1. Matteo Paolucci
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  2. Luana Gentile
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  3. Mauro Gentile
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  4. Annamaria Borghi
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  11. Andrea Zini
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Correspondence to Matteo Paolucci.

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Paolucci, ., Gentile, L., Gentile, M. et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in multiple myeloma: a case report of a patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection and an updated systematic literature review. Neurol Sci 44, 2995–2998 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-023-06944-0

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