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A review on approach to a twitchy tongue in neurology

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Abstract

Background

Several etiologies are responsible for presentation of a twitching tongue in clinical practice. Some of these etiologies cause an isolated hyperkinetic tongue muscle, and some others cause it along with other signs and symptoms.

Objectives

The present paper aims to review the causes, pathology, and presentations reported with twitchy tongue. An anatomical basis of the etiologies responsible for presentation of a twitchy tongue and hyperkinetic movement disorders of this muscle is pursued.

Method

The reporting of this systematic review was guided by the standards of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) Statement. All of the research papers conducted with keywords described in the method section between 2000 and 2022 were used, and review articles and articles without any human subject and without any described hyperkinetic movement disorders of the tongue were excluded.

Results

All of the etiologies responsible for hyperkinetic movement disorders of tongue were listed in the basis of their anatomical site of effect; cortical region, basal ganglia, cerebellum, brain stem, nucleus and nerve, and neuromuscular junction. One last remained part is the “not classified” section, which contains the etiologies with no particular anatomical origin.

Conclusion

There are a variety of responsible etiologies for presentation of a twitchy tongue, and in the matter of a complaint of hyperkinetic tongue presentation, physicians should consider anatomical, functional, and psychological etiologies and other signs and symptoms must be participated in the diagnosis process to achieve a proper medical decision.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mehri Salari

  2. Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran

    Kamran Rezaei, Alimohammad Mirdehghan & Arya Behzadi

  3. Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran

    Masoud Etemadifar

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  1. Mehri Salari
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  2. Kamran Rezaei
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Contributions

(1) Research Project: A. Conception, B. Organization, C. Execution; (2) Statistical Analysis: A. Design, B. Execution, C. Review and Critique; (3) Manuscript: A. Writing of the First Draft, B. Figure design, C. Review and Critique.

M.S.: 1A, 1B, 1C, 3C

K.R.: 3A, 3B

A.M.: 3A

A.B.: 3A

M.E.: 1A, 1B

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Correspondence to Kamran Rezaei.

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Salari, M., Rezaei, K., Mirdehghan, A. et al. A review on approach to a twitchy tongue in neurology. Neurol Sci 44, 2731–2741 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-023-06771-3

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