Abstract
Background
Average female life expectancy in Japan is approximately 90 years. Occasionally, we encounter stroke patients older than 90 years.
Aims
To determine the clinical features and outcomes associated with cerebral infarction in patients aged ≥ 90 years.
Methods
We examined 289 consecutive patients (163 males, 129 females; mean age 77.5 years) diagnosed with cerebral infarction. We divided them into four groups according to age in years: middle (< 65), pre-old (65–74), old (75–89), and super old (≥ 90). We divided the super old group into mild symptoms (NIHSS ≤ 5) and severe symptoms (NIHSS > 5) and examined outcomes.
Results
Statistically significant associations were observed between female sex, cardiogenic infarction, and high complication rates and super old age. NIHSS and mRS scores at 30-day post-stroke were higher in the super old group. In some cases, complications led to poor prognoses. Eighty-seven percent of patients with mild symptoms (NIHSS ≤ 5) recovered to mRS 0–2 similar to the younger age group. None of the patients with severe symptoms (NIHSS > 5) recovered to mRS 0–2.
Discussion
We investigated the clinical outcomes following cerebral infarction in patients aged 90 years or older and found that mild symptoms were consistently associated with good prognoses, regardless of patients’ age.
Conclusions
Patients in the super old group had more severe symptoms and poorer outcomes than younger age groups. However, patients with mild symptoms tended to have better prognoses and returned to daily life similar to the younger age group.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Population Estimates by Age (Five-Year Groups) and Sex. https://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/jinsui/tsuki/index.html. Accessed 30 Jan 2020
Ouchi Y, Rakugi H, Arai H et al (2017) Redefining the elderly as aged 75 years and older: proposal from the Joint Committee of Japan Gerontological Society and the Japan Geriatrics Society. Geriatr Gerontol Int 17:1045–1047
Sharobeam A, Cardato DJ, Manning N et al (2019) Functional outcomes at 90 days in octogenarians undergoing thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke: A prospective cohort study and meta-analysis. Front Neurol 10:254
Wei W, Li S, San F et al (2018) Retrospective analysis of prognosis and risk factors of patients with stroke by TOAST. Medicine (Baltimore) 97:e0412
Kontis V, Bennett JE, Mathers CD et al (2017) Future life expectancy in 35 industrialised countries: projections with a Bayesian model ensemble. Lancet 389:1323–1335
Cove CL, Albert CM, Andreotti F et al (2014) Female sex as an independent risk factor for stroke in atrial fibrillation: possible mechanisms. Thromb Haemost 111:385–391
Lip GY, Laroche C, Boriani G et al (2015) Sex-related differences in presentation, treatment, and outcome of patients with atrial fibrillation in Europe: a report from the Euro Observational Research Programme pilot survey on atrial fibrillation. Europace 17:24–31
Moore T, Tubman I, Levy G et al (2010) Age as a risk factor for perioperative complications in women undergoing pelvic reconstructive surgery. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg 16:290–295
Hanchaiphiboolkul S (2005) Risk factors for early infection after an acute cerebral infarction. J Med Assoc Thai 88:150–155
Kim YD, Pak B, Cha MJ et al (2010) Stroke severity in concomitant cardiac sources of embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. J Neurol Sci 298:23–27
Adams HP Jr, Davis PH, Leira EC et al (1999) Baseline NIH Stroke Scale score strongly predicts outcome after stroke: a report of the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST). Neurology 53:126–131
Kwakkel G, Wagenaar RC, Twisk JW (1999) Intensity of leg and arm training after primary middle-cerebral-artery stroke: a randomized trial. Lancet 354:191–196
Pasotti F, Magnani FG, Gallucci M. (2020) Neuropsychological assessment in acute stroke patients. Neurol Sci 9 https://doi.org/10.10007/s10072-019-04236-0.
Langhorne P, Wagenaar R, Partridge C (1996) Physiotherapy after stroke: more is better? Physiother Res Int 1:75–88
Hara M, Yakushiji Y, Suzuyama K et al (2019) Synergistic effect of hypertension and smoking on the total small vessel disease score in healthy individuals: the Kashima scan study. Hypertens Res 42:1738–1744
Umemura T, Kawamura T, Hotta N (2017) Pathogenesis and neuroimaging of cerebral large and small vessel disease in type 2 diabetes: A possible link between cerebral and retinal microvascular abnormalities. J Diabetes Investig 8:134–148
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by research funds provided to promote hospital functions of the Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
None.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Umemura, T., Hachisuka, K., Miyachi, H. et al. Clinical outcomes of cerebral infarction in nonagenarians compared among four age groups. Neurol Sci 41, 2471–2476 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-020-04348-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-020-04348-y