Abstract
In the nineteenth century, epilepsy became subject of experimental research. Lombroso established a relationship between epilepsy and criminality believing in the existence of epileptoid traits and atavism. He tried to demonstrate the common origin of epilepsy, criminality, and genius; factors deteriorating the CNS would act upon centers, which control behavior and ethics. This impairment would cause a lack of control on the lower nervous centers, reducing restraints of instincts and criminal behavior. He described developmental frontal cortex lesions in epileptic patients (today Taylor’s dysplasia) and these observations supported the erroneous conviction of a relationship between criminality and epilepsy. Neurological, behavioral, and criminological sciences analyzed Lombroso’s doctrine, whereas it was controversial that epileptic patients should be prone to violent actions and aggressive behavior. Today, there is an international panel of experts on epilepsy, which suggests five relevant criteria to determine if a crime committed with aggressiveness could result from epileptic seizures.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Streeter EC (1931) A note on the history of the convulsive state prior to Boerhaave. In: Tinley F, Brown S, Ryley HA (eds) Epilepsy and the convulsive state. The proceedings of the Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease, December 1922. William & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 14–23
Assael BM, Avanzini G (1997) Il male dell’anima. L’epilessia tra ‘800 e ‘900. Editori Laterza, Roma-Bari
Temkin O (1971) The falling sickness, 2nd edn. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
Kant E (1764) Saggio sulle malattie della testa. trad. it. Massari Editore, Bolsena, p 2001
Lombroso C (1876, 1878, 1884, 1889, 1896) L’uomo delinquente. Fratelli Bocca editori, Firenze, Torino, Roma
Lombroso C (1864, 1882) Genio e follia. Fratelli Bocca editori, Firenze, Torino, Roma
Lombroso C, Ferrero G (1893) La donna delinquente, la prostituta e la donna normale. Fratelli Bocca editori. Torino Firenze, Torino
Lombroso C (1982) L’uomo bianco e l’uomo di colore, Letture su l’origine e la varietà della razza umana, Fratelli Bocca. Firenze, Torino
O’Connor TR (2003) Constitutional criminology. Available at: http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/30]J3OllectO3.htm. Accessed on April 2003
Morel BA (1860) Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles et morales de l’espèce humaine, et des causes qui produisent ces variétés maladives, in: Traité des Maladies Mentales. Masson, Paris
Gibson M (2004) Nati per il crimine. Cesare Lombroso e le origini della criminalità biologica. Paravia B. Mondatori editori, Milano
Maudsley H (1886) The pathology of mind. D. Appleton and company, New York
Lombroso C (1902) Ferrero G. La donna delinquente, la prostituta e la donna normale. Fratelli Bocca editori. Firenze, Torino
Ackerknecht EH (1957) Breve Storia della Psichiatria. Massari, Bolsena (VT)
Jackson JH (1873) On the anatomical and physiological localization of the movements in the brain. In: Taylor J (ed) The Lancet ristampa in selected writings of John H Jackson (1958). Staple Press, London
Maudsley H (1874) Responsibility in mental disease. R.S. King, London
Haeckel E (1892) Storia della Creazione Naturale. UTET, Torino
Lombroso C (1892) L’Uomo Bianco e l’Uomo di Colore. Fratelli Bocca editori. Firenze, Torino
Antonini G (1900) I precursori di Lombroso, Fratelli Bocca editori. Firenze, Torino
Richiardone E (2010) Cesare Lombroso e l’epilessia. L’Apice, Torino
Morselli E (1894) Esposizione accessuale degli organi genitali. “Esibizionismo” come equivalente epilettoide. Bollettino R. Accad. Med. di Genova, vol IX, fasc. 1°
Bourneville MD, Bricon P (1887) Archives de Neurologic, xiii–xvi
Tonnini S (1890) Le epilessie in rapporto alla degenerazione. Fratelli Bocca editori. Firenze, Torino, Roma
Roncoroni L (1896) La fine morfologia del cervello degli epilettici e dei delinquenti. Arch Psich Scienze Penali. Antropol Criminale 17:92–116
Lombroso C (1897) Charactères spéciaux de quelque dégénérescence. Arch Psich Scienze Penali Antropol Criminale 18:233–237
Chiò A, Spreafico R, Avanzini G, Ghiglione P, Vercellino M, Mutani R (2003) Cesare Lombroso, cortical dysplasia, and epilepsy. Keen findings and odd theories. Neurology 61:1412–1416
Taylor DC, Falconer MA, Bruton CS, Corsellis JAN (1971) Focal dysplasia, the cerebral cortex in epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 34:369–387
Gowers WR (1981) Epilepsy and other chronic convulsive diseases; their cause etc. J & A. Churchill, London
Penta P (1894) La genesi corticale dell’epilessia. Atti dell’XI Congresso Medico Internazionale, vol 4, p 95
Lombroso C (1906) Du parallelisme entre l’homosexualité et la criminalité innée, “Archivio di psichiatria”, XXVII, Traduzione italiana di Giovanni dall’Orto, pp 378–381
Lombroso C (1874) Pensiero e Meteore. Studio di un alienista. F.lli Mollard, Milano
Lombroso C (1888) L’ uomo di Genio in Rapporto alla psichiatria, alla storia ed all’estetica. Fratelli Bocca editori. Firenze, Torino
Bentivoglio M (1998) Cortical structure and mental skills: Oskar Vogt and the legacy of Lenin’s brain. Brain Res Bull 47:291–296
Diamond MC, Scheibel AB, Murphy GM Jr, Harvey T (1985) On the brain of a scientist: Albert Einstein. Exp Neurol 88:198–204
Lombroso C (1897) Genio e degenerazione. Nuovi studi e nuove battaglie. Remo Sandron Editore, Palermo
Mazzarello P (2005) Il genio e l’alienista. La strana visita di Lombroso a Tolstoj. Bollati Boringhieri, Torino
Lombroso C (1882) Genio e follia, in rapporto alla Medicina Legale, alla Critica e alla Storia. Fratelli Bocca editori. Firenze, Torino
Salvatore A (2010) Risvolti letterari nella vita di Lombroso. Quaderni della “Dante”, XV 2009–2010, Ferrara, 57–63
Calvino I (2009) Visibilità, in Lezioni Americane–Sei proposte per il prossimo millennio. Mondadori, Milano, p 91
Altobelli D (2006) Indagine su un bandito. Il caso Musolino. Squilibri editore, Roma
Mary Gibson (2002) Born to Crime: Cesare Lombroso and the Origins of Biological Criminology. (Italian and Italian American Studies.) Praeger, Westport, pp xii, 272
Lombroso C (1902) L’Ultimo Brigante. La Nuova Antologia 1 febbraio
Frigessi D, Giacanelli F, Mangoni L (1995) Scritti scelti di Delitto, Genio e Follia, di Cesare Lombroso. Bollati Boringhieri
Lombroso C, Ferrero G (1915) Cesare Lombroso. Storia della vita e delle opere narrate dalla figlia Gina. Fratelli Bocca editori. Firenze, Torino
Baima Bollone P (2009) Cesare Lombroso e la scoperta dell’uomo delinquente. Priuli&Verlucca, Scarmagno (Torino)
Tanzi E (1905) Trattato delle Malattie Mentali. Società Editrice Librari, Milano
Sidiropoulou K, Diamantis A, Magiorkinis E (2010) Hallmarks in 18th and 19th century epilepsy research. Epilepsy Behav 18:151–161
Jackson JH (1873) On the anatomical investigation of epilepsy and epileptiform convulsions. Br Med J 1:531–533
Karli Pierre (1986) Neurobiologia del comportamento aggressivo. Bulzoni editore, Roma
Tebartz van Elst L (2002) Aggression end epilepsy. In: Trimble MR, Schimdt B (eds) The neuropsichiatry of epilepsy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 81–106
Davidson R, Putnam K, Larso C (2000) Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation: a possible prelude to violence. Science. Am Assoc Advance Sci 289:591–594
Harlow J (1868) Recovery from passage of an iron bar through the head. Massachusetts Med Soc Publ 2:327–347
Damasio AR (1995) L’errore di Cartesio. Emozione, ragione e cervello umano. Adelphi, Milano
Blumer D, Benson D (1975) Personality changes with frontal and temporal lesions. In: Benson DF, Blumer F (eds) Psychiatric aspects of Neurologic Diseases. Grune&Stratton, New York
Coccaro EF, McCloskey MS, Fitzgerald DA, Phan KL (2007) Amygdala and orbitofrontal reactivity to social threat in individuals with impulsive aggression. Biol Psychiatry 62:168–178
Cummings JL (1985) Clinical Neuropsychiatry, Grune&Stratton, New York
Tebartz van Elst L, Trimble M (2008) Episodic dyscontrol, Chap 283. In: Engel J Jr, Pedley TA (eds) Epilepsy, a comprehensive textbook. Walters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 2811–2818
Treiman DM, Delgado-Escueta AV (1983) Violence and epilepsy: a critical review. In: Pedley TA, Medlrum BS (eds) Recent advances in epilepsy. Churchill Livingstone, London, pp 179–209
Meador K, Moser E (2000) Negative seizures. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 6:731–733
Geschwind N (1975) The clinical setting of aggression in temporal lobe epilepsy. In: Fields TS, Sweet WF (eds) Neural basis of violence and aggression. Warren H. Green, St. Louis, pp 273–281
Rodin EA (1981) Differential diagnosis of epileptic versus psychogenic seizures. In: Dam M, Gram L, Penry JK (eds) Advances in epileptology: XII Epilepsy International Symposium. Raven Press, New York, pp 337–341
Gastaut H, Morin G, Leserve N (1955) Etude du comportement des épileptiques psychomoteurs dans l’intervalle de leurs crises. Ann Medico-Psichol 113:1–29
Whithman S, Coleman TE, Patmon C, Desai BT, Cohen R, King LN (1984) Epilepsy in prison: elevated prevalence and no relationship to violence. Neurology 34:775–782
Devinsky O, Bear D (1984) Varieties of aggressive behaviour in temporal lobe epilepsy. Am J Psych 141:651–656
Fenwick P (1989) The nature and management of aggression in epilepsy. J Neuropsych Clin Neurosci 1:418–425
Fazel S, Philipson J, Gardiner L, Merritt R, Grann M (2009) Neurological disorders and violence: a systematic review and meta-analysis with a focus on epilepsy and traumatic brain injury. J Neurol 256:1591–1602
Marsh L, Krauss GL (2000) Aggression and violence in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 1:160–168
Grisoli AJS (2000) Aggression and violence in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 1:364–365
Tassinari CA, Tassi L, Calandra-Buonaura G et al (2005) Biting behavior, aggression, and seizures. Epilepsia 46:654–663
Delgado-Esqueta A et al. (2002) Classics in epilepsy and behavior. The nature of aggression during epileptic seizures. Epilepsy Behav 3:550–556
Sumer MM, Atik L, Unal A, Emre U, Atusoy HT (2007) Frontal lobe epilepsy presented as ictal aggression. Neurol Sci 28:48–51
Knox SJ (1968) Epileptic automatism and violence. Med Sci Law 8:96–104
King DW, Ajmone Marsan C (1977) Clinical features and ictal patterns in epileptic patients with EEG temporal lobe foci. Ann Neurol 2:138–147
Shih JJ, Mazwi TL, Falcao G, Van Gerpen J (2009) Directed aggressive behaviour in frontal lobe epilepsy: a video-EEG and ictal SPECT case study. Neurology 73:1804–1806
Fessler AG, Treiman DM (2009) Epilepsy and aggression. Proceed with caution. Neurology 73:1720–1721
Okazaki IM, Takahashi S, Muramatsu R, Kato M, Onuma T (2007) Subacute postictal aggression in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 10:611–614
Mendez MF (1998) Post-ictal violence and epilepsy. Psychosomatics 39:478–480
Falconer MA (1973) Reversibility by temporal-lobe resection of the behavioral abnormalities of temporal-lobe epilepsy. N Engl J Med 289:451–455
Herzberg JL, Fenwick PB (1988) The aetiology of aggression in temporal-lobe epilepsy. Br J Psych 153:50–55
Logsdail SJ, Toone BK (1988) Post-ictal psychoses. A clinical and phenomenological description. Br J Psychiatry 152:246–252
Kanemoto K, Kawasaki J, Kawai I (1996) Post-ictal psychoses: a comparison with acute inter-ictal and chronic psychoses. Epilepsia, 37(55):1–6
Task Force on DMS IV-TR (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Arlington
Gemelli A (1911) Cesare Lombroso, I funerali di un uomo e di una dottrina, Firenze
Croce B (1960) Saggi Critici, ed. Laterza, Bari,, vol 2, cap. 32, p 208
Giacanelli F et al (1996) Cesare Lombroso Delitto, genio e follia. Rivista di Psicoanalisi 42:365–367
Acknowledgment
The authors thanks Dr. Eva Sjolin for her help in revising the translation of the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Convention on the occasion of the centenary of Cesare Lombroso’s death, “GENIUS AND MADNESS”, in the Palace of Science, Ariostea Library, organized by the Dante Alighieri Society, Patron: the University of Ferrara and the Union of Criminal Chambers of Ferrara, 4 March 2010, Ferrara, Italy.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Granieri, E., Fazio, P. The Lombrosian prejudice in medicine. The case of Epilepsy. Epileptic psychosis. Epilepsy and aggressiveness. Neurol Sci 33, 173–192 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-011-0568-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-011-0568-6