Abstract
Several species of primates, including humans, possess a spontaneous spatial mental arrangement (i.e. mental number line MNL) of increasing numbers or continuous quantities from left to right. This cognitive process has recently been documented in domestic chicken in a spatial–numerical task, opening the possibility that MNL is a cognitive capacity that has been conserved across vertebrate taxa. In this scenario, fish might possess the MNL as well. Here we investigated whether cleaner fish Labroides dimidiatus show evidence for MNL in two experiments. In Experiment I, we tested fish’s abilities in number discrimination, presenting simultaneously either small (2 vs 5) or large (5 vs 8) continuous quantities where one quantity was systematically rewarded. Experiment II used a protocol of an MNL task similar to the study on chickens. We trained cleaners with a target number (i.e. 5 elements), then we presented them with an identical pair of panels depicting either 2 elements or 8 elements, and we recorded their spontaneous choice for the left or right panel on each presentation. Cleaner fish showed high abilities in discriminating small and large numbers in Experiment I. Importantly, cleaners achieved this discrimination using numerical cues instead of non-numerical cues such as the cumulative surface area, density, and overall space. In contrast, cleaners did not allocate continuous quantities to space in Experiment II. Our findings suggest that cleaner fish possess numbering skills but they do not have an MNL. While similar studies on animals from various clades are needed to trace the evolution of MNL within vertebrates, our results suggest that this cognitive process might not be a capacity conserved across all vertebrate taxa.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the Lizard Island Research Station directors and staff for their support and friendship. We also thank E. Levorato and M. Pierce for their assistance during data collection, and J. Marshall, G. Phillips, D. Roche, and S. Binning for the discussions, and J. McClung for editing the final version. Data are available on Figshare (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.5258842).
Funding
This study was funded by the Swiss Science Foundation (Grant 31003A_153067/1 to RB).
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The Animal Ethics Committee of the Queensland government (DAFF) approved the project.
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Triki, Z., Bshary, R. Cleaner fish Labroides dimidiatus discriminate numbers but fail a mental number line test. Anim Cogn 21, 99–107 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-017-1143-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-017-1143-1