Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Profiling of phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroid derivatives in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) haustorium

  • Research Note
  • Published:
Food Science and Biotechnology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Coconut haustorium (CH) is formed inside coconut shell during coconut germination. This study aimed to investigate the compositions and contents of CH phytochemicals. Phytochemical compositions and contents in CH were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) and spectrophotometrical method. Five phenolic acids and four flavonoids were identified in CH. Ferulic acid and myricetin were the most abundant among phenolic acids and flavonoids identified in CH, respectively. Nepetariaside and 1-methylene-5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one glucuronide were the most abundant terpenoids and steroid derivatives identified in CH, respectively. To our knowledge, this study screened several classes of phytochemicals in CH for the first. Terpenoids and steroid derivatives were likely to be more major phytochemicals than phenolic acids and flavonoids in CH. The functionality of CH itself and the compounds found in CH might be utilized in functional foods or cosmetics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abiraami-Valli S, Uma-Gowri S. A study on the bioactive potential of fresh and dried sprouts of Cocos nucifera L.—an in vitro and in silico approach. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science. 9: 129-142 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  • Appaiah P, Sunil L, Prasanth-Kumar PK, Gopala-Krishna AG. Composition of coconut testa, coconut kernel and its oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 91: 917-924 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arivalagan M, Manikantan MR, Yasmeen AM, Sreejith S, Balasubramanian D, Hebbar KB, Kanade SR. Physiochemical and nutritional characterization of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) haustorium based extrudates. LWT: Food Science and Technology. 89: 171-178 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding S, Dudley E, Song Q, Plummer S, Tang J, Newton RP, Brenton AG. Mass spectrometry analysis of terpene lactones in Ginkgo biloba. Rapid Communications Mass Spectrometry. 22: 766-772 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erlund I. Review of the flavonoids quercetin, hesperetin, and naringenin. Dietary sources, bioactivities, bioavailability, and epidemiology. Nutritional Research. 24: 851-874 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng S, Luo Z, Zhang Y, Zhong Z, Lu B. Phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacities of different parts of two sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) cultivars. Food Chemistry. 151: 452-458 (2014)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herrera T, Navarro del Hierro J, Fornari T, Reglero G, Martin D. Acid hydrolysis of saponin‐rich extracts of quinoa, lentil, fenugreek and soybean to yield sapogenin‐rich extracts and other bioactive compounds. Journal of the Science of Food Agriculture. 99: 3157-3167 (2019)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain H, Green IR, Saleem M, Raza ML, Nazir M. Therapeutic potential of iridoid derivatives: patent review. Inventions. 4: 29 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iwagawa T, Yaguchi S, Hase T. Iridoid glucosides from Viburnum suspensum. Phytochemistry. 29: 310-312 (1990)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jung SK, Lee KW, Kim HY, Oh MH, Byun S, Lim SH, Heo YS, Kang NJ, Bode AM, Dong Z, Lee HJ. Myricetin suppresses UVB-induced wrinkle formation and MMP-9 expression by inhibiting Raf. Biochemical Pharmacology. 79: 1455-1461 (2010)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kannaian UPN, Edwin JB, Rajagopal V, Shankar SN, Srinivasan B. Phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of coconut cotyledon. Heliyon. 6: e03411 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim KH, Tsao R, Yang R, Cui SW. Phenolic acid profiles and antioxidant activities of wheat bran extracts and the effect of hydrolysis conditions. Food Chemistry. 95: 466-473 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahayothee B, Koomyart I, Khuwijitjaru P, Siriwongwilaichat P, Nagle M, Müller J. Phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and medium chain fatty acids profiles of coconut water and meat at different maturity stages. International Journal of Food Properties. 19: 2041-2051 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manivannan A, Bhardwaj R, Padmanabhan S, Suneja P, Hebbar KB, Kanade SR. Biochemical and nutritional characterization of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) haustorium. Food Chemistry. 238: 153-159 (2018)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pang HQ, An HM, Yang H, Wu SQ, Fan JL, Mi L, Wang H, Li P, Gao W. Comprehensive chemical profiling of Yindan Xinnaotong soft capsule and its neuroprotective activity evaluation in vitro. Journal of Chromatography A. 1601: 288-299 (2019)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pekal A, Pyrzynska K. Evaluation of aluminium complexation reaction for flavonoid content assay. Food Analytical Methods. 7: 1776-1782 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pham VC, Nguyen TTA, Vu TO, Cao TQ, Min BS, Kim JA. Five new diterpenoids from the barks of Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Presl. Phytochemistry Letter. 32: 23-28 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robards K, Antolovich M. Analytical chemistry of fruit bioflavonoids a review. Analyst. 122: 11R-34R (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singleton VL, Orthofer R, Lamuela-Raventós RM. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. Methods in Enzymology. 299: 152-178 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tian JS, Cui YL, Hu LM, Gao S, Chi W, Dong TJ, Liu LP. Antidepressant-like effect of genipin in mice. Neuroscience Letters. 479: 236-239 (2010)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang DL, Liang Y, Chen WD, Xie L, Wang GJ, Liu XD. Identification of ginkgolide B metabolites in urine and rat liver cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for their formation in vitro. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 29: 376-384 (2008a)

  • Wang SC, Liao HJ, Lee WC, Huang CM, Tsai TH. Using orthogonal array to obtain gradient liquid chromatography conditions of enhanced peak intensity to determine geniposide and genipin with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A. 1212: 68-75 (2008b)

  • Yang Y, Zhang H, Zuo J, Gong X, Yi F, Zhu W, Li L. Advances in research on the active constituents and physiological effects of Ganoderma lucidum. BMC Dermatology. 3: 6 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan B, Dinssa FF, Simon JE, Wu Q. Simultaneous quantification of polyphenols, glycoalkaloids and saponins in African nightshade leaves using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with acid assisted hydrolysis and multivariate analysis. Food Chemistry. 312: 126030 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang S, Zhang H, Chen L, Xia W, Zhang W. Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activities of different varieties of Chimonanthus praecox. Industrial Crops and Products. 85: 11-21 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Z, Moghadasian MH. Chemistry, natural sources, dietary intake and pharmacokinetic properties of ferulic acid: a review. Food Chemistry. 109: 691-702 (2008)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu PC, Tong Q, Zhuang Z, Wang ZH, Deng LH, Zheng GQ, Wang Y. Ginkgolide B for myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury: a preclinical systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Physiology. 10: 1292 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by BODYFRIEND Incorporated Company (Seoul, Republic of Korea) (Grant No. 350-20190069).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food and Nutrition, and Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea

    Ryun Hee Kim, Su Jin Lee, Kiuk Lee, Keum Taek Hwang & Jaecheol Kim

  2. BK21 FOUR Education and Research Team for Sustainable Food & Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea

    Ryun Hee Kim & Keum Taek Hwang

Authors
  1. Ryun Hee Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Su Jin Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kiuk Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Keum Taek Hwang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jaecheol Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jaecheol Kim.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 1254 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kim, R.H., Lee, S.J., Lee, K. et al. Profiling of phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroid derivatives in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) haustorium. Food Sci Biotechnol 32, 1841–1850 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-023-01300-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-023-01300-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation