Abstract
The potential of supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) extracted soy flour was evaluated as a raw material for functional foods. The fat content in SC-CO2 soy flour was reduced from 19.5% to 7.1%, which influenced some textural and sensory properties of soymilk and tofu. The viscosity of low-fat soymilk decreased from 50 to 40 cp. Low-fat tofu had a higher yield of 69.7%, compared to a yield of 60.8% for full-fat soymilk. The two types of tofu had similar flavor and texture intensity sensory scores, although low-fat tofu had a reduced score for roasted, nutty flavor than full-fat tofu. The pH of a low-fat tofu immersion solution during 30 days of storage was lower than for a full-fat tofu solution, particularly during the first 6 days. A low-fat tofu that is similar to full-fat tofu can be prepared using SC-CO2 extracted soy flour.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Liu KS. Soybeans: Chemistry, Technology and Utilization, International Thomson Publishing, Chapman & Hall, New York, NY, USA. pp.165–197 (1997)
Davies CS, Nielsen SS, Nielsen NC. Flavor improvement of soybean preparations by genetic removal of lipoxygenase-2. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 64: 1428–1433 (1987)
Kellor RL. Defatted soy flour and grits. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 51: 77–80 (1974)
Ravento M, Duarte S, Alarco R. Application and possibilities of supercritical CO2 extraction in food processing industry: An overview. Food Sci. Technol. Int. 8: 269–284 (2002)
Caprita R, Caprita A, Cretescu I. Protein solubility as quality index for processed soybean. Animal Sci. Biotech. 43: 375–378 (2010)
Kim KJ, Lee YW. Supercritical fluid technology for green food processing. Food Sci. Industry. 43(1): 35–52 (2010)
Maheshwar P, Ooi ET, Nikolov ZL. Off-flavor removal from soyprotein isolate by using liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 72: 1107–1115 (1995)
Khetarpaul N, Grewal RB, Goyal R, Garg R. Development of partially defatted soy flour and dhal. Food Chem. 87: 355–359 (2004)
Christianson DD, Friedrich JP, List GR, Warner K, Bagley B, Stringfellow AC, Inglett GE. Supercritical fluid extraction of drymilled corn germ with carbon dioxide. J. Food Sci. 49: 229–232 (1984)
Kim DW, Ku KH, Choi HS, Kim WJ. Effect of oil and sugar on SPI-tofu characteristics under model system. J. Korean Soc. Food Nutr. 23: 90–97 (1994)
Kim JH, Woo EY, Kim KS, Kim MH. A study on the soybean curd (tofu) made from defatted soybean flour. Korea J. Food Nutr. 19: 22–27 (2006)
Hua Y, Cui SW, Wang Q, Mine Y, Poysa V. Heat induced gelling properties of soy protein isolates prepared from different defatted soybean flours. Food Res. Int. 38: 377–385 (2005)
Renkema JM, Gruppen H, Vliet TV. Influence of pH and ionic strength on heat-induced formation and rheological properties of soy protein gels in relation to denaturation and their protein compositions. J. Agr. Food Chem. 50: 6064–6071 (2002)
Kim YK, Wicker L. Soybean cultivars impact quality and function of SM and tofu. J. Sci Food Agr. 85: 2514–2518 (2005)
McGuir RG. Reporting of objective color measurements. Hort. Sci. 27: 1254–1255 (1992)
Goncalves EM, Pinheiro J, Abreu M, Brandao TRS, Silva CLM. Modelling the kinetics of peroxidase inactivation, colour and texture changes of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.) during blanching. J. Food Eng. 81: 693–701 (2007)
Korea Food and Drug Administration. Food Code (in Korean). 44(2): 10-1-1–10-1-34, 10-1-71–10-1-75 (2009)
Wang C, Ma Q, Pagadala S, Sherrard MS, Kirshnan PG. Changes of isoflavones during processing of soy protein isolates. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 75: 337–341 (1998)
Smith PK, Krohn RI, Hermanson GT, Mallia AK, Gartner FH, Provenzano MD, Fujimoto EK, Goeke NM, Olson BJ, Klenk DC. Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid. Anal. Biochem. 150: 76–85 (1985)
Bourne MC. Texture profile analysis [Food acceptability]. Food Technol. 32: 62–66 (1978)
Kim YS, Choi YM, Noh DO, Cho SY, Suh HJ. The effect of oyster shell powder on the extension of the shelf life of tofu. Food Chem. 103: 155–160 (2007)
Wang H, Murphy PA. Isoflavone composition of American and Japanese soybeans in Iowa: Effects of variety, crop year, and location. J. Agr. Food Chem. 42: 1674–1677 (1994)
Simonne EH. Adaptation of an irrigation scheduling model for bell pepper grown with plasticulture. Acta Horticulturae. 537: 543–548. (2000)
Lusas EW, Riaz MN. Soy protein products: processing and use. J. Nutr. 125: 573–580 (1995)
Liu ZS, Chang SKC. Soymilk viscosity as influenced by heating methods and soybean varieties. J. Food Process. Pres. 31: 320–333 (2007)
Ono T, Takeda M, Shuntang G. Interaction of protein particle with lipids in soybean milk. Biosci. Biotech. Bioch. 60: 1165–1169 (1996)
Friedrich JP, List GR, Heakin AJ. Petroleum-free extraction of oil from soybeans with supercritical CO2. J. Am. Oil Chem. Sci. 59: 288–292 (1982)
Noh EJ, Park SY, Park JI, Hong ST, Yun SE. Coagulation of SM and quality of tofu as affected by freeze treatment of soybeans. Food Chem. 91: 715–721 (2005)
Dickinson E, Yamamoto Y. Viscoelastic properties of heat-set whey protein-stabilized emulsion gels with added lecithin. J. Food Sci. 61: 811–816 (1996)
Eldridge AC, Friedrich JP, Warner K, Kwolek F. Preparation and evaluation of supercritical carbon dioxide defatted soybean flakes. J. Food Sci. 51: 584–587 (1986)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shin, Wk., Kim, W. & Kim, Y. Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of a low-fat tofu produced using supercritical CO2 extracted soy flour. Food Sci Biotechnol 23, 43–48 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-014-0006-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-014-0006-7