Abstract
Published articles reported controversial results about the association of smoking with the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A meta-analysis was performed to assess the aforementioned association and arrive at a more precise estimate of effect. A comprehensive search was performed to identify case–control or cohort studies (from 1990 to 2015) of the aforementioned association. The I 2 statistic was used to examine between-study heterogeneity. Fixed or random effect model was selected based on heterogeneity test among studies. Publication bias was estimated using Egger’s regression asymmetry test. A total of 12 published articles with 13 studies were finally included in our meta-analysis. Results showed that the pooled odds ratio (OR) for SLE risk was 1.56 (95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.26–1.95) among current smokers compared with nonsmokers. For ex-smokers versus nonsmokers, the pooled OR for SLE risk was 1.23 (95 % CI = 0.93–1.63). Subgroup analysis by geographic location and cumulative meta-analysis were also analyzed. In conclusion, our meta-analysis suggested that smoking increased the risk of SLE. Further studies are needed to confirm this result.
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Author contributions
The authors’ contributions to the present study were as follows: Fan Jiang and Suyun Li contributed to data collection, systematic review, and data extraction; Fan Jiang did the data analyses and drafted the manuscript; and Chongqi Jia is responsible for the whole work.
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Jiang, F., Li, S. & Jia, C. Smoking and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: an updated systematic review and cumulative meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol 34, 1885–1892 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-015-3008-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-015-3008-9