Abstract
Inflammatory arthritis (IA) has significant physical, psychosocial and economic consequences. Delays in diagnosis and initiation of treatment significantly impact on prognosis. The infrequent, variable, non-specific and, sometimes, indolent presentation make recognition of IA by primary care physicians (PCPs) challenging. To undertake an in-depth case review assessing the diagnostic trajectory of patients diagnosed with IA to inform development of practical recommendations to facilitate timely recognition and referral of suspected IA to specialist services, a case review was undertaken in one UK general practice using a proforma to collect information on patient demographics, diagnostic activities (presentation to PCP, specialist referral and final diagnosis) and documentation of disease-specific features for all patients diagnosed with IA between January 2000 and February 2011. Cases were excluded if consultation notes, a definitive diagnosis or evidence of specialist assessment were absent. Twenty-four cases were included in the final analysis. Duration from first primary care presentation to specialist rheumatological referral ranged from 4 to 2,165 days. Undertaking radiographs significantly lengthened delays from presentation to referral. Patients with IA attended between 2 and 41 primary care appointments before being referred. None of the cases identified had a comprehensive record of symptoms documented in the medical record. Once patients present to primary care, specialist referral is not always in accordance with the urgency necessitated in current guidelines. Improving PCPs’ knowledge and awareness of IA, development of screening tools and improvement in record keeping are proposed to facilitate early recognition and referral of IA and subsequently reduce the disease burden of IA.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions (2009) Rheumatoid arthritis: national clinical guideline for management and treatment in adults. Royal College of Physicians; London.
Raza K (2010) The Michael Mason prize: early rheumatoid arthritis—the window narrows. Rheumatology 49(3):406–410
Möttönen T, Hannonen P, Korpela M, Nissilä M, Kautiainen H, Ilonen J et al (2002) Delay to institution of therapy and induction of remission using single-drug or combination-disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 46:894–898
Helliwell PS (2009) Psoriatic arthritis: its presentation and management in primary care. Hands on: practical advice on management of rheumatic disease. Reports on the rheumatic diseases series 6; 3. http://www.arc.org.uk/arthinfo/HO6.asp. Accessed 11 October 2011
Suresh E (2011) The diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis: an update. BMJ Learning. Available at: http://learning.bmj.com/learning/modules/flow.html?execution=e1s3
Sieper J, Rudwaleit M (2005) Early referral recommendations for ankylosing spondyltitis (including pre-radiographic and radiographic forms) in primary care. Ann Rheum Dis 64:659–663
Sandu RS, Tehame GJ, Justice EA, Jordan AC, Saravana S, Obrenovic K et al (2008) Comment on: delay in presentation to primary care physicians is the main reason why patients with rheumatoid arthritis are seen late by rheumatologists. Rheumatology 47(4):559–560
Kumar K, Daley E, Carruthers DM, Situnayake D, Gordon C, Grindulis K et al (2007) Delay in presentation to primary care physicians is the main reason why patients with rheumatoid arthritis are seen late by rheumatologists. Rheumatology 46:1438–1440
National Audit Office (2009) Services for people with rheumatoid arthritis. The Stationary Office, London
Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ, Funovits J, Felson DT, Bingham CO et al (2010) Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria. Arthritis Rheum 62(9):2569–2581
Sieper J, van der Heijde D, Landewé R, Brandt J, Burgos-Vagas R, Collantes-Estevez E et al (2009) New criteria for inflammatory back pain in patients with chronic back pain: a real patient exercise by experts from the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS). Ann Rheum Dis 68:784–788
Barbour JA, Binding J, Bridges M, Kelly C (2003) Evaluation of a screening tool for inflammatory joint disease. Ann Rheum Dis 62(2):187
Deighton C, Luqmani R (2009) The NICE and BSR guidelines on the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Hands on: practical advice on management of rheumatic disease. Arthritis Research Campaign, Chesterfield. Available at: http://www.arthritisresearchuk.org/health-professionals-and-students/reports/~/media/Files/Education/Hands%20On/HO04-Autumn-2009.ashx
Irvine S, Munro R, Porter D (1999) Early referral, diagnosis, and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: evidence for changing medical practice. Ann Rheum Dis 58:510–513
Walker DJ (2007) Diagnosing inflammatory arthritis. Hands on: practical advice on management of rheumatic disease. Arthritis Research Campaign, Chesterfield. Available at: http://www.arthritisresearchuk.org/health-professionals-and-students/reports/reports-archives.aspx
Burden AD, Boon MH, Leman J, Wolson H, Richmond R, Ormerod AD (2010) Diagnosis and management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis in adults: summary of SIGN guidance. BMJ 341:987–990
SIGN (2000) Management of early rheumatoid arthritis. Section 2: diagnosis of early rheumatoid arthritis. SIGN, Edinburgh
Manson JJ, Rahman A (2006) Systemic lupus erythematosus. OJRD. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-1-6
Hochberg MC (1997) Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus [letter]. Arthritis Rheum 40:1725
Helliwell PS, Taylor WJ (2005) Classification and diagnostic criteria for psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 64(Suppl I):ii3–ii8. doi:10.1136/ard.2004.032318
Hermann J, Giessauf H, Schaffler G, Ofner P, Graninger W (2009) Early spondyloarthritis: usefulness of clinical screening. Rheumatology 48:812–816
Acknowledgements
Thank you to Matthew Griffiths who assisted with compiling the patient lists.
Disclosures
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cottrell, E., Welsh, V. & Mallen, C. Inflammatory arthritis: case review and primary care perspectives. Clin Rheumatol 31, 739–744 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-011-1919-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-011-1919-7