References
Asherson RA, Spargo C, Gomez Puerta J (2007) Partial HELLP syndrome in pregnancy complicated by recurrent deep vein thromboses and palmar skin lesions in a patient with prothrombin gene 20210a mutation and antiphospholipid antibodies: an unusual case. Clin Rheumatol, Jul 3 (epub ahead of print)
Weinstein L (1982) Syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count: a severe consequence of hypertension in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 142:159–167
Martin JM, Rose CH, Briery CM (2006) Understanding and managing HELLP syndrome: the integral role of aggressive glucocorticoids for mother and child. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 195:914–934
Audibert F, Friedman SA, Frangieh AY, Sibai BM (1996) Obstetrics: clinical utility of strict diagnostic criteria for the HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets). Am J Obstet Gynaecol 175:460–464
Sibai BM (2003) Diagnosis and management of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Obstet Gynaecol 102:181–192
Ornstein MH, Rand JH (1994) An association between refractory HELLP syndrome and antiphospholipid antibodies during pregnancy: a report of 2 cases. J Rheumatol 21:1360–1364
Ibery M, Jones AR, Samson J (1995) Lupus anticoagulant and HELLP syndrome complicated by placental abruption, hepatic, dermal and adrenal infarct. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 35:215–217
Alsulyman OM, Castro MA, Zuckerman E, McGehee W, Goodwin TM (1996) Preeclampsia and liver infarction in early pregnancy associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Obstet Gynaecol 88:644–646
Nagayama K, Izumi N, Miyasaka Y et al (1997) Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome associated with primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Intern Med 36:6661–6666
McMahon LP, Smith J (1997) The HELLP syndrome at 16 weeks gestation: possible association with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 37:313–314
Amant F, Spitz B, Arnout J, Van Assche FA (1997) Hepatic necrosis and hemorrhage in pregnant patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Lupus 6:552–555
Sibai BM, Ramadan MK, Usta J, Salama M, Mercer BM, Friedman SA (1993) Maternal morbidity and mortality in 442 pregnancies with HELLP syndrome. J Obstet Gynaecol 169:1000–1006
Roberts G, Gordon MM, Porter D, Jardine AG, Gibson TW (2003) Acute renal failure complicating HELLP syndrome, SLE and antiphospholipid syndrome; successful outcome using plasma exchange therapy. Lupus 12:251–257
Zissin R, Yaffe D, Fejgin M, Olsfanger D, Shapiro-Feinberg M (1999) Hepatic infarction as part of the HELLP syndrome. Abd Imaging 24:594–596
Gonzalvo FJ, Abecia F, Pinilla I, Izaguirre LB, Olivan JM, Honrubia FM (2000) Central retinal vein occlusion and HELLP syndrome. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 5:596–598
Paternoster DM, Rodi J, Santarossa C, Vanin M, Simioni P, Girolami A (1999) Acute pancreatitis and deep vein thrombosis associated with HELLP syndrome. Minerva Ginecol 51(1–2):31–33
Pauzner R, Dulitzky M, Carp H et al (2003) Hepatic infarctions during pregnancy are associated with antiphospholipid syndrome and in addition with complete or incomplete HELLP syndrome. J Thromb Haemost 1:1758–1763
Thuong DLT, Tieulie N, Costedoai N et al (2005) The HELLP syndrome in the antiphospholipid syndrome: retrospective study of 15 cases in 15 women. Ann Rheum Dis 64:273–278
Gomez-Puerta JA, Cervera R, Espinosa G, Asherson RA, Garcia-Carrasco M, da Costa IP, Andrade DC, Borba EF, Makatsaria A, Bucciarelli S, Ramos-Casals M, Font J (2007) Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome during pregnancy and puerperium: maternal and fetal characteristics of 15 cases. Ann Rheum Dis 66:746(epub 2007)
Hochfeld M, Druzin ML, Maia D, Wright J, Lambert RE, McGuire J (1994) Pregnancy complicated by primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Obstet Gynaecol 83:804–805
Sinha J, Chowdry I, Sedan S, Barland P (2002) Bone marrow necrosis and refractory HELLP syndrome in a patient with catastrophic antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. J Rheumatol 29:195–197
Koenig M, Roy M, Baccot S, Cuilleron M, De Filippis J-P, Cathebrasl P (2005) Thrombotic microangiopathy with liver, gut and bone infarction (catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome) associated with HELLP syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 2:166–168
Mutter WP, Karumanchi SA (2007) Molecular mechanisms of preeclampsia. Microvasc Res, May 6 (epub ahead of print)
Chamley LW, Allen JL, Johnson PM (1997) Synthesis of beta-2-glycoprotein 1 by the human placenta. Placenta 18:403–410
Kornberg A, Renaudineau Y, Blank M, Youinou P, Shoenfeld Y (2000) Anti-beta-2-glycoprotein I antibodies and anti-endothelial cell antibodies induce tissue factor in endothelial cells. Isr Med Assoc J 2(Suppl):27–31
Simantov R, LaSala JM, Lo SK et al (1995) Activation of cultured vascular endothelial cells by antiphospholipid antibodies. J Clin Invest 96:2211–2219
McIntyre JA (1992) Immune recognition at the maternal-fetal interface. Overview. Am J Reprod Immunol 28:127–131
Meroni PL, Raschi E, Testoni C et al (2002) Antiphospholipid/endothelial cell interaction in the pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. In: Asherson RA, Cervera R, Piette JC, Shoenfeld Y (eds) The antiphospholipid syndrome II autoimmune thrombosis. Elservier Science B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp 79–91
Cervera R, Khamastha MA, Font J et al (1991) Antiendothelial cell antibodies in patients with the antiphospholipid síndrome. Autoimmunity 11:1–6
Tomkins MJ, Thiagarajan S (1999) HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet coun0 syndrome; the benefit of corticosteroids. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 18:304–309
Redman CWG, Sargent IL (2004) Preeclampsia and the systemic response. Semin Nephrol 24:565–570
Asherson RA, Cervera R, Merrill JT (2006) Thrombotic microangiopathic antiphospholipid syndromes” a continuum of conditions? Future Rheumatology 1:1–9
Asherson RA, Pierangeli SS, Cervera R (2007) Is there a microangiopathic antiphospholipid syndrome? Ann Rheum Dis 66:429–432
Asherson RA, Cervera R, Pierangeli SS (2007) Microangiopathic antiphospholipid syndromes (MAPS) revisited—new concepts relating to antiphospholipid antibodies and syndromes. J Rheumatol 34:1793–1795
Eser B (2005) The role of plasma exchange in HELLP syndrome. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2:211–217
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Asherson, R.A., Galarza-Maldonado, C. & Sanin-Blair, J. The HELLP syndrome, antiphospholipid antibodies, and syndromes. Clin Rheumatol 27, 1–4 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-007-0742-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-007-0742-7