Abstract
Measuring bone mineral density (BMD) is a widely accepted strategy for identifying subjects with an increased risk of fracture. However, because of limited availability of BMD technology in some communities and cost considerations, it has been proposed that BMD measurements be targeted to subjects with risk factors for osteoporosis. Osteoporosis self-assessment tool (OST) using age and weight have been developed to identify women who are more likely to have low BMD and thus undergo BMD testing. To study the performance of OST in identifying osteoporotic white men in Morocco. We analysed in an epidemiological cross-sectional study the records for 229 white Moroccan men seen at an out-patient rheumatology centre. OST was compared to bone density T scores and the ability of OST to identify men with osteoporosis (T < −2.5) was evaluated. Using an OST score < 2 to recommend dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) referral, sensitivity ranged from 63% at the lumbar spine to 87% at the total hip to detect BMD T scores of −2.5 and specificity from 58 to 59%. The negative predictive value was high at all skeletal sites (87–98%), demonstrating the usefulness of the OST to identify patients who have normal BMD and should not receive DXA testing. The performance of OST among men in Morocco was similar to that reported earlier for the other samples in Asian countries and the USA. The OST is an effective and efficient tool to help target high-risk men for DXA measurement.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
NIH Consensus Development Conference (1993) Diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of osteoporosis. Am J Med 94:646–650
Randell AG, Nguyen TV, Bhalerao N, Silverman SL, Sambrook PN, Eisman JA (2000) Deterioration in quality of life following hip fracture: a prospective study. Osteoporos Int 11:460–466
El Maghraoui A, Koumba BA, Jroundi I, Achemlal L, Bezza A, Tazi MA. (2005) Epidemiology of hip fractures in 2002 in Rabat, Morocco. Osteoporos Int 16(6):597–602
Ribot C, Pouilles JM, Bonneau M, Tremollieres F (1992) Assessment of the risk of post-menopausal osteoporosis using clinical factors. Clin Endocrinol 36:225–228
Lydick E, Cook K, Turpin J, Melton M, Stine R, Byrnes C (1998) Development and validation of a simple questionnaire to facilitate identification of women likely to have low bone density. Am J Manag Care 4:37–48
Cadarette S, Jaglal S, Murray T et al (2001) Evaluation of decision rules for referring women for bone densitometry by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. JAMA 286:57–63
van der Voort DJ, Dinant GJ, Rinkens PE, van der Voort CJ, va Mersch JW, Geusens PP (2000) Construction of an algorithm for quick detection of patients with low bone mineral density and its applicability in daily general practise. J Clin Epidemiol 53:1095–1103
Koh LK, Ben Sedrine W, Torralba TP et al (2001) Osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians (OSTA) research group. A simple tool to identify Asian women at increased risk of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 12:699–705
Park HM, Ben Sedrine W, Reginster JY, Ross PD (2003) Korean experience with the OSTA risk index for osteoporosis. J Clin Densitom 6:251–258
Fujiwara S, Masunari N, Suzuki G et al (2001) Performance of osteoporosis risk indices in a Japanese population. Curr Ther Res 62:586–594
Richy F, Gourlay M, Ross PD, Sen SS, Radican L, De Ceulaer L, Ben Sedrine W, Ethgen O, Bruyere O, Reginster JY (2004) Validation and comparative evaluation of the osteoporosis self-assessment tool (OST) in a Caucasian population from Belgium. Q J Med 97:39–46
Li-Yu JT, Llamado LJ, Torralba TP (2005) Validation of OSTA among Filipinos. Osteoporos Int 16(12):1789–1793
Geusens P, Hochberg MC, van der Voort DJ, Pols H, van der Klift M, Siris E (2002) Performance of risk indices for identifying low bone density in postmenopausal women. Mayo Clin Proc 77:629–637
El Maghraoui A, Do Santos Zounon AA, Jroundi I et al (2005) Reproducibility of bone mineral density measurements using dual X-ray absorptiometry in daily clinical practice. Osteoporos Int 16(12):1742–1748
El Maghraoui A, Achemlal L, Bezza A (2006) Monitoring of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurement in clinical practice. J Clin Densitom 9(3):281–286
El Maghraoui A, Guerboub AA, Achemlal L, Mounach A, Nouijai A, Ghazi M, Bezza A, Tazi MA (2006) Bone mineral density of the spine and femur in healthy Moroccan women. J Clin Densitom 9(4):454–460
El Maghraoui A, Guerboub AA, Achemlal L, Mounach A, Nouijai A, Ghazi M, Bezza A, Tazi MA (2007) Body mass index and gynecological factors as determinants of bone mass in healthy Moroccan postmenopausal women. Maturitas 56:375–382
NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis and therapy (2001) Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA 285:785–795
Kanis JA, Glüer CC, for the Committee of Scientific Advisors, International Osteoporosis Foundation (2000) An update on the diagnosis and assessment of osteoporosis with densitometry. Osteoporos Int 11:192–202
National Osteoporosis Foundation (1999) Physician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. National Osteoporosis Foundation, Washington, DC
US Preventive Task Force (2002) Screening for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: recommendations and rationale. Ann Int Med 137:526–528
National Osteoporosis Foundation (2003) Physician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis 2003. [http://www.nof.org/] Accessed 22 June
Genant HK, Cooper C, Poor G et al (1999) Interim report and recommendations of the World Health Organization task-force for osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 102: 343–350
El Maghraoui A, Habbassi A, Ghazi M, Achemlal L, Mounach A, Nouijai A, Bezza A (2007) Validation and comparative evaluation of four osteoporosis risk indexes in Moroccan menopausal women. Arch Osteoporos DOI 10.1007/s11657-006-0001-6
Hochberg MC, Tracy JK, van der Klift M, Pols H (2002) Validation of risk indext o identify men with an increased likelihood of osteoporosis [abstract]. J Bone Miner Res 17(Suppl 1):S231
Adler RA, Tran MT, Petkov VI (2003) Performance of the osteoporosis self-assessment screening tool for osteoporosis in American men. Mayo Clin Proc 78:723–727
Kung AWC, Ho AYY, Ross PD, Reginster JY (2005) Development of a clinical assessment tool in identifying Asian men with low bone mineral density and comparison of its usefulness to quantitative bone ultrasound. Osteoporos Int 16:849–855
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ghazi, M., Mounach, A., Nouijai, A. et al. Performance of the osteoporosis risk assessment tool in Moroccan men. Clin Rheumatol 26, 2037–2041 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-007-0611-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-007-0611-4