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Contexte géologique et risques naturels: déterminants structuraux de l'instabilité des corniches dans la Presqu'île du Cap-Vert (Sénégal)

Geological context and natural hazards: structural determinants of cliff instability in the Cap-Vert peninsula (Sénégal)

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Résumé.

L'évolution géologique de la Presqu'île du Cap-Vert (Sénégal Occidental) est marquée par la mise en place d'une tectonique distensive. Les éléments structuraux au sein desquels se sont injectées des laves sont étroitement liés à l'ouverture et à l'évolution de l'Atlantique Central. Ils ont directement influencé la sédimentation du Secondaire au Quaternaire. Parmi les divers risques naturels notés dans cette partie du Sénégal, les instabilités de talus le long des corniches représentent une des préoccupations majeures pour l'aménagement urbain de la ville de Dakar, et la plupart des mesures de stabilisation mises en oeuvre ont révélé leurs limites.

A la photo-interprétation que nous avons utilisée pour analyser certains désordres et compléter l'étude structurale, nous avons ajouté l'analyse statistique des données structurales de terrain et l'interprétation de la dynamique des talus. Les résultats présentés sur l'étude de quatre sites dans la partie sud de Dakar révèle que la tectonique héritée de l'évolution de l'Atlantique constitue un facteur déterminant de l'instabilité des talus rocheux autour de Dakar, ce qui devrait inciter à bien étudier le cadre structural autour de la Presqu'île dans tout programme d'aménagement durable.

Abstract.

The geological evolution of the Cap-Vert peninsula (western Senegal) has been influenced by the extensional tectonic movements which have taken place associated with the opening of the Central Atlantic. As a consequence, volcanic materials are found interbedded with the sedimentary strata. Among the major natural hazards in this part of the country are the unstable slopes which result in rock falls and landslides along cliffs and which constitute one of the most important urban management problems in Dakar. Most of the preventive measures applied are based on rock mechanic behaviour.

This paper discusses the constraining tectonic features of the area and their relationship with known instabilities in some well-documented sites. Analysis of the Mesozoic and Tertiary sedimentary series indicates evolution from a marine to a continental environment, typically associated with uplifting such as has taken place in the study area. Three main families of faults are noted: (1) E–W-trending (transverse) active between Triassic and Jurassic times; (2) NW–WNW-trending; and (3) submeridian (approximately N–S)-trending, active from the Cretaceous to the Palaeocene.

Analysis of aerial photographs allowed a complete tectonic map to be produced and confirmed the dynamic evolution of the area over the last 26 years. All the observed tectonic features were recorded, particularly joints (200 per station) and microfaults, which would help elucidate the nature of the tectonic activity. These features were correlated with observed instabilities.

Results from the four studied sites confirmed that a combination of tectonic disturbance and adverse slope characteristics was a good indicator of likely cliff instability. An understanding of the tectonic environment around the peninsula is therefore of prime importance in determining an appropriate management programme for the long-term stability of the area.

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Lô, .P., Diop, .M., Gueye, .M. et al. Contexte géologique et risques naturels: déterminants structuraux de l'instabilité des corniches dans la Presqu'île du Cap-Vert (Sénégal). Bull Eng Geol Environ 61, 161–167 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/s100640100135

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s100640100135

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