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Dilatancy behaviors of calcareous sand considering particle breakage

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Abstract

Calcareous sand is the main geomaterial available for island-reef reclamation construction projects in the South China Sea. To clarify the effect of particle breakage on the dilatancy of calcareous sand, multiple consolidated-drained triaxial shear tests were conducted on calcareous gravelly sand (CGS) under different conditions. On this basis, dilatancy assessment indices were constructed from the perspectives of stress ratio and dilatancy ratio, and their relationships with the initial physical parameter and stress level of CGS were established. Next, the variations in particle breakage of CGS with compactness and stress level were explored, and a physical model was proposed to predict particle breakage according to plastic work. Finally, the relationship between dilatancy and particle breakage was established for CGS. The results lay a research foundation for developing an elastoplastic constitutive model considering the effect of particle breakage for CGS.

Graphical abstract

In this study, the dilatancy of calcareous sand was investigated under varying relative densities and effective confining pressures. Then, the variations in the particle breakage of calcareous sand with compactness and stress level were revealed. Finally, the relationship between dilatancy and particle breakage of calcareous sand was established.

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Data Availability

Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request.

Abbreviations

D :

Particle size (unit: mm)

D 10, D 30, D 50, and D 60 :

Particle size corresponding to 10%, 30%, 50%, and 60% finer in the particle grading curve, respectively (unit: mm)

C u :

Nonuniformity coefficient

C c :

Curvature coefficient

Gs :

Specific gravity

ρ dmin :

Minimum dry density (unit: g/cm3)

ρ dmax :

Maximum dry density (unit: g/cm3)

e min :

Minimum void ratio

e max :

Maximum void ratio

Dr :

Relative density

\({\sigma }_{3}^{\prime}\) :

Effective confining pressure (unit: kPa)

v :

Shearing rate (unit: mm/min)

ε a :

Axial strain

e 0 :

Void ratio under the corresponding relative density

ρ d :

Dry density (unit: g/cm3)

η :

Stress ratio

ε v :

Volumetric strain

(Dr)crit :

Critical relative density

\({\left(\sigma_3'\right)}_{crit}\) :

Critical effective confining pressure (unit: kPa)

η f :

Stress ratio corresponding to the peak state (or failure state)

η p :

Stress ratio corresponding to the phase-transformation state

η r :

Stress ratio corresponding to the residual state

\(\textit{p}'\)  :

Mean effective stress (unit: kPa)

η c :

Stress ratio corresponding to the critical state

a 1 :

Fitting parameter

b 1 :

Fitting parameter

P a :

Standard atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa)

a 2 :

Fitting parameter

b 2 :

Fitting parameter

a 3 :

Fitting parameter

b 3 :

Fitting parameter

c 3 :

Fitting parameter

R 2 :

Coefficient of correlation

d :

Dilation ratio

\({\textit{d}\varepsilon}_\textit{v}^\textit{p}\)  :

Plastic volumetric strain increment

\({\textit{d}\varepsilon}_\textit{s}^\textit{p}\)  :

Plastic shear strain increment

\({\textit{d}\varepsilon}_\textit{v}\)  :

Volumetric strain increment

\({\textit{d}\varepsilon}_\textit{s}\)  :

Shear strain increment

d f :

Dilation ratio corresponding to the peak stress ratio

m 1 :

Fitting parameter

n 1 :

Fitting parameter

m 2 :

Fitting parameter

n 2 :

Fitting parameter

m 3 :

Fitting parameter

n 3 :

Fitting parameter

k 3 :

Fitting parameter

Br :

Relative breakage ratio

B t :

Total breakage

B p :

Breakage potential

W p :

Plastic work (unit: kPa)

q :

Deviator stress (unit: kPa)

\({\textit{d}\varepsilon}_\textit{s}\)  :

Shear strain increment

\({\textit{d}\varepsilon}_\textit{s}^\textit{e}\)  :

Elastic shear strain increment

\({\textit{d}\varepsilon}_\textit{v}\)  :

Volumetric strain increment

\({\textit{d}\varepsilon}_\textit{v}^\textit{e}\)  :

Elastic volumetric strain increment

δ :

Fitting parameter

∂ :

Fitting parameter

α :

Fitting parameter

β :

Fitting parameter

λ :

Fitting parameter

A 1 :

Fitting parameter

A 2 :

Fitting parameter

B 1 :

Fitting parameter

B 2 :

Fitting parameter

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Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 42207207 and 52108366), and Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (No. 2020A1515110663).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China

    Xing Wang & Jie Cui

  2. Earthquake Engineering Research & Test Center, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510405, China

    Xing Wang & Jie Cui

  3. Guangdong Research Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower, Guangzhou, 510610, China

    Wei Wang

Authors
  1. Xing Wang
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  2. Jie Cui
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  3. Wei Wang
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wei Wang.

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Conflict of interest

All the authors have read and approved this version of the article, and due care has been taken to ensure the integrity of the work. All the authors have no interest to declare.

Competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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Cite this article

Wang, X., Cui, J. & Wang, W. Dilatancy behaviors of calcareous sand considering particle breakage. Bull Eng Geol Environ 83, 146 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-024-03618-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-024-03618-9

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