Abstract
Understanding the adhesion behavior of clay–steel interface with different temperature variations is fundamental for safety in engineering and is, therefore, an important consideration in structural design. In this paper, based on a newly designed temperature-controlled interface shear device, a series of thermal consolidation tests and interface shear tests were carried out by adopting different thermal histories, including isothermal conditions and heating–cooling cycle conditions. To reveal the mechanism of thermal action on tangential adhesion strength, the pore water pressure of clay specimens during thermal consolidation was recorded. The test results showed that the shearing curves of clay-steel interface exhibited an ideal elastic–plastic behavior. Each shearing failure envelope followed Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion and could be described by two fitted parameters: the adhesion and the external friction angle. Correspondingly, the adhesion decreased linearly with temperature in the range of 20 °C and 80 °C and increased exponentially with void ratio. A 3D-surface regression relationship between these three parameters (adhesion, temperature, and void ratio) was established. The effect of temperature changes on the adhesion can be thoroughly understood using a fluid film theory that describes the interface capillary forces. The external friction angle and the void ratio showed a piecewise linear relationship, and no significant correlation between the external friction angle and the temperature was observed. A limited increase in the tangential adhesion strength was observed in isothermal conditions, while a significant increase was found in heating–cooling cycle conditions, especially when the specimen cooled down.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
Al-Shayea NA (2001) The combined effect of clay and moisture content on the behavior of remolded unsaturated soils. Eng Geol 62(4):319–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00032-1
Abuel-Naga H, Bergado D, Ramana G, Grino L, Rujivipat P, Thet Y (2006) Experimental evaluation of engineering behavior of soft bangkok clay under elevated temperature. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 132(7):902–910. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:7(902)
ASTM D3080/D3080M (2012) Standard test method for direct shear test of soils under consolidated drained conditions. ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA. https://doi.org/10.1520/D3080_D3080M-11
ASTM D4318 (2017) Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils. ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA. https://doi.org/10.1520/D4318-17E01
ASTM D7928 (2021) Standard test method for particle-size distribution (gradation) of fine-grained soils using the sedimentation (hydrometer) analysis. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. https://doi.org/10.1520/D7928-21E01
Azadegan B, Massah J (2012) Effect of temperature on adgesion of clay soil to steel. Cercet Agron Mol 45(2):21–27.https://doi.org/10.2478/v10298-012-0011-z
Ball R, Young DJ, Isaacson J, Champa J, Gause C (2009) Research in soil conditioning for EPB tunneling through difficult soils. Proceedings - Rapid Excavation and Tunneling Conference (RETC), 320–333. Englewood, CO: Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration
Barzegari G, Tirkhooni M, Khabbazi A (2020) Experimental assessment of clayey layers for clogging of TBM in Tabriz subway lines, Iran. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 105:103560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2020.103560
Basmenj AK, Ghafoori M, Cheshomi A, Azandariani YK (2016) Adhesion of clay to metal surface; normal and tangential measurement. Geomech Eng 10(2):125–135. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2016.10.2.125
Burbaum U (2009) Adhäsion bindiger Böden an Werkstoffoberflächen von Tunnelbohrmaschinen. Dissertation, Technische Universität Darmstadt, September 2009
Burbaum U, Sass I (2017) Physics of adhesion of soils to solid surfaces. Bull Eng Geol Env 76(3):1097–1105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-016-0875-5
Burghignoli A, Desideri A, Miliziano S (2000) A laboratory study on the thermomechanical behaviour of clayey soils. Can Geotech J 37(4):764–780. https://doi.org/10.1139/t00-010
Campanella RG, Mitchell JK (1968) Influence of temperature variations on soil behavior. J Soil Mech Found Div 94(3):709–734. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001136
Cekerevac C, Laloui L (2004) Experimental study of thermal effects on the mechanical behaviour of a clay. Int J Numer Anal Meth Geomech 28(3):209–228. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.332
De Bruyn D, Thimus JF (1996) The influence of temperature on mechanical characteristics of Boom clay: the results of an initial laboratory programme. Eng Geol 41(1–4):117–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(95)00029-1
Delage P, Sultan N, Cui YJ (2000) On the thermal consolidation of Boom clay. Can Geotech J 37(2):343–354. https://doi.org/10.1139/t99-105
Di Donna A, Laloui L (2015) Response of soil subjected to thermal cyclic loading: experimental and constitutive study. Eng Geol 190:65–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.03.003
Di Donna A, Ferrari A, Laloui L (2016) Experimental investigations of the soil–concrete interface: physical mechanisms, cyclic mobilization, and behaviour at different temperatures. Can Geotech J 53(4):659–672. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0294@cgj-wgge.issue01
Feinendegen M, Ziegler M, Spagnoli G, Fernndez-Steeger T (2011) Evaluation of the clogging potential in mechanical tunnel driving with EPB-shields. 15th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering: Geotechnics of Hard Soils - Weak Rocks, 1633–1638. Athens: IOS Press
Gittens GJ (1969) Variation of surface tension of water with temperature. J Colloid Interface Sci 30(3):406–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(69)90409-3
Graham J, Tanaka N, Crilly T, Alfaro M (2001) Modified Cam-Clay modelling of temperature effects in clays. Can Geotech J 38(3):608–621. https://doi.org/10.1139/t00-125
Hanson JL, Flores A, Manheim D, Yesiller N (2015) Temperature Effects on Sand-Steel Interface Shear and Quantification of Post-Shear Surface Texture Characteristics of Steel. In IFCEE 2015, San Antonio, Texas (pp. 1711–1720). https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784479087.155
Hollmann FS, Thewes M (2013) Assessment method for clay clogging and disintegration of fines in mechanised tunneling. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 37(13):96–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2013.03.010
Hueckel T, Baldi G (1990) Thermoplasticity of saturated clays: experimental constitutive study. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 116(12):1778–1796. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1990)116:12(1778)
Kale RC, Ravi K (2021) A review on the impact of thermal history on compacted bentonite in the context of nuclear waste management. Environ Technol Innov 23:101728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101728
Khabbazi Basmenj A, Mirjavan A, Ghafoori M, Cheshomi A (2017) Assessment of the adhesion potential of kaolinite and montmorillonite using a pull-out test device. Bull Eng Geol Env 76(4):1507–1519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-016-0921-3
Liu P, Wang S, Ge L, Thewes M, Yang J, Xia Y (2018) Changes of atterberg limits and electrochemical behaviors of clays with dispersants as conditioning agents for EPB shield tunneling. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 73(3):244–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.12.026
Liu P, Wang S, Shi Y, Yang J, Fu J, Yang F (2019) Tangential adhesion strength between clay and steel for various soil softnesses. J Mater Civ Eng 31(5):04019048. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002680
Ma C, Yang YP, Li L (2012) Study on drilling fluid technology of eliminating bit balling by changing wettability. Adv Mater Res 542–543:1083–1086. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.542-543.1083
Maghsoodi S, Cuisinier O, Masrouri F (2020) Thermal effects on mechanical behaviour of soil–structure interface. Can Geotech J 57(1):32–47. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0583
Mitchell JK, Soga K (2005) Fundamentals of soil behavior. John Wiley & Sons, New York
Paaswell RE (1967) Temperature effects on clay soil consolidation. J Soil Mech Found Div 93(3):9–22. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0000982
Peila D, Picchio A, Martinelli D, Dal Negro E (2016) Laboratory tests on soil conditioning of clayey soil. Acta Geotechnica 11(5):1061–1074. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-015-0406-8
Robinson RG (1999) Consolidation analysis with pore water pressure measurements. Geotechnique 49(1):127–132. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1999.49.1.127
Rotta Loria AF, Laloui L (2017) Thermally induced group effects among energy piles. Geotechnique 67(5):374–393. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.16.P.039
Sass I, Burbaum U (2009) A method for assessing adhesion of clays to tunneling machines. Bull Eng Geol Env 68(1):27–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-008-0178-6
Sherif MA, Burrous CM (1969) Temperature effects on the unconfined shear strength of saturated, cohesive soil. Effects of Temperature and Heat on Engineering Behavior of Soils, Special Report 103:267–272
Spagnoli G (2011) Electro-chemo-mechanical manipulations of clays regarding the clogging during EPB-tunnel driving. RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Sultan N, Delage P, Cui YJ (2002) Temperature effects on the volume change behaviour of Boom clay. Eng Geol 64(2–3):135–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00143-0
Tatnell L, Dyson AP, Tolooiyan A (2021) Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian simulation of a modified direct shear apparatus for the measurement of residual shear strengths. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 13(5):1113–1123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2021.06.003
Thewes M (1999) Adhäsion von Tonböden beim Tunnelvortrieb mit Flüssigkteinsschilden. University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
Tnanka N, Graham J, Crilly T (1997) Stress-strain behaviour of reconstituted illitic clay at different temperatures. Eng Geol 47(4):339–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(96)00113-5
Towhata I, Kuntiwattanaku P, Seko I, Ohishi K (1993) Volume change of clays induced by heating as observed in consolidation tests. Soils Found 33(4):170–183. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.33.4_170
Tsubakihara Y, Kishida H (1993) Frictional behaviour between normally consolidated clay and steel by two direct shear type apparatuses. Soils Found 33(2):1–13. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.33.2_1
Wang S, Liu P, Hu Q, Zhong J (2020) Effect of dispersant on the tangential adhesion strength between clay and metal for EPB shield tunnelling. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 95:103144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.103144
Xiao S, Suleiman MT, Naito C, Al-Khawaja M (2017) Modified–thermal borehole shear test device and testing procedure to investigate the soil-structure interaction of energy piles. Geotech Test J 40(6):1043–1056. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20160257
Xiao S, Suleiman MT, Al-Khawaja M (2019) Investigation of effects of temperature cycles on soil-concrete interface behavior using direct shear tests. Soils Found 59(5):1213–1227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2019.04.009
Xiao S, Suleiman MT, Elzeiny R, Naito C, Neti S, Al-Khawaja M (2018) Effect of temperature and radial displacement cycles on soil–concrete interface properties using modified thermal borehole shear test. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 144(7):04018036. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001892
Yang Y, Li X, Jin D, Su W, Mao J (2021) Transient temperature field model for a cutterhead during slurry shield tunneling. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 117:104128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.104128
Yavari N, Tang AM, Pereira JM, Hassen G (2016) Effect of temperature on the shear strength of soils and the soil–structure interface. Can Geotech J 53(7):1186–1194. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0355
Yilmaz G (2011) The effects of temperature on the characteristics of kaolinite and bentonite. Scientific Research and Essays 6(9):1928–1939. https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE10.727
Zumsteg R, Puzrin AM (2012) Stickiness and adhesion of conditioned clay pastes. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 31:86–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2012.04.010
Zumsteg R, Puzrin AM, Anagnostou G (2016) Effects of slurry on stickiness of excavated clays and clogging of equipment in fluid supported excavations. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 58:197–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.05.006
Funding
The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 51978040.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interest
The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, Y., Li, X., Li, H. et al. Effect of thermal history on the tangential adhesion strength of clay–steel interface. Bull Eng Geol Environ 82, 136 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-023-03164-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-023-03164-w