Abstract
Temperatures (T) vary greatly in the loess region of China. T have a complex influence on the permeability coefficient (K). Existing theoretical models, however, do not fully reflect this complexity. To establish a new model of thermal effect of K, the horizontal diffusion test in soil column and the matric suction test were carried out at different T. The results show that the diffusion coefficient (D) increases with increase of T, and the growth rate is more significant at a higher temperature; the matric suction (h) is linearly positively related to T. The water volume coefficient (mw) was obtained by fitting the SWCC. A new equation of K was obtained by combining the equations of D and mw. Local saturation caused by pipeline leakage is one of the main reasons for uneven settlement of foundation in collapsible loess area. It is important to explore the humidification radius under the pipeline leakage in loess fields. In this paper, the numerical calculation model of pipeline leakage was established. Using this model and the new equation of K, the calculation under different seepage pressure (P) is carried out for loess considering the changes of void ratio (e), initial water content (wi), and T. The results show that a saturated area formed around the leaking pipeline which decreases with the expansion of humidification radius. The increases of e, wi, P, and T promote the diffusion speed and expand the diffusion radius. Once connected with groundwater, the leaked water will be drained away rapidly with the movement of groundwater. This drainage slows the horizontal humidification speed down. With an increase in T, the increase rate of humidification range continues to expand. The thermal effect on diffusion range is more obvious at high wi.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bakir N, Abbeche K, Panczer G (2017) Experimental study of the effect of the glass fibers on reducing collapse of a collapsible soil. Geomech Eng 12(1):71–83. https://doi.org/10.12989/GAE.2017.12.1.071
Childs EC, Collis-George N (1950) The permeability of porous materials. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Math Phys Sci 201(1066):392–405. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1950.0068
De Roo APJ, Riezebos HT (1992) Infiltration experiments on loess soils and their implications for modelling surface runoff and soil erosion. CATENA 19(2):221–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(92)90026-8
Guo C, Shi K, Chu X (2021) Cross-correlation analysis of multiple fibre optic hydrophones for water pipeline leakage detection. Int J Environ Sci Technol 19:197–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03163-y
Gvirtzman H, Shalev E, Dahan O, Hatzor YH (2008) Large-scale infiltration experiments into unsaturated stratified loess sediments: monitoring and modeling. J Hydrol 349(1–2):214–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.11.002
He GX, Lyu XD, Liao KX, Li YS, Sun LY (2019) A method for fast simulating the liquid seepage-diffusion process coupled with internal flow after leaking from buried pipelines. J Clean Prod 240(10):118167.1–118167.19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118167
Hou X, Vanapalli SK, Li T (2018) Water infiltration characteristics in loess associated with irrigation activities and its influence on the slope stability in Heifangtai loess highland, China. Eng Geol 234:27–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.12.020
Hou X, Vanapalli S, Li T (2019) Water flow in unsaturated soils subjected to multiple infiltration events. Can Geotech J cgj-2018–0566. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0566
Jiang MJ, Li T, Hu HJ, Thornton C (2014) DEM analyses of one-dimensional compression and collapse behaviour of unsaturated structural loess. Comput Geotech 60:47–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2014.04.002
Jin H, Zhang L, Liang W, Ding Q (2014) Integrated leakage detection and localization model for gas pipelines based on the acoustic wave method. J Loss Prev Process Ind 27:74–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2013.11.006
Jin X, Wang T, Cheng WC, Luo Y, Zhou A (2018) A simple method for settlement evaluation of loess-pile foundation. Can Geotech J cgj-2017–0690. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2017-0690
Kay BD, Groenevelt PH (1974) On the interaction of water and heat transport in frozen and unfrozen soils: i. basic theory; the vapor phase. Soil Sci Soc Am J 38(3):395. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1974.036159950038000300
Krisnanto S, Rahardjo H, Leong EC (2020) Numerical study on the effect of crack network representation on water content in cracked soil. Geomech Eng 21(6):537–549. https://doi.org/10.12989/GAE.2020.21.6.537
Lingya M, Li YX, Wang WC, Fu J (2012) Experimental study on leak detection and location for gas pipeline based on acoustic method. J Loss Prev Process Ind 25:90–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2011.07.001
Liu Z, Liu F, Ma F, Wang M, Bai X, Zheng Y, Yang L, Zhang GP (2016) Collapsibility, composition, and microstructure of loess in China. Can Geotech J 53(4):673–686. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0285
Liu Z, Lu Q, Qiao J, Fan W (2020) In situ water immersion research on the formation mechanism of collapsible earth fissures. Eng Geol 105936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105936
Mei Y, Zhang S, Hu C et al (2021) Field test study on dynamic compaction in treatment of a deep collapsible loess foundation. Bull Eng Geol Environ 80:8059–8073. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02343-x
Milly PCD (1982) Moisture and heat transport in hysteretic, inhomogeneous porous media: a matric head‐based formulation and a numerical model. Water Resour Res 18(3). https://doi.org/10.1029/WR018i003p00489
Mualem YA (1976) New model for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of un saturated porous media. Water Resour Res 12(3):513–522. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR012i003p00513
Ng CWW, Menzies B (2007) Advanced unsaturated soil mechanics and engineering. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482266122
Ng CWW, Pang YW (2000) Influence of stress state on soil-water characteristics and slope stability. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 126(2):157–166. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:2(157)
Nimmo JR, Miller EE (1986) The temperature dependence of isothermal moisture vs. potential characteristics of soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 50(5):1105–1113. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000050004x
Philip JR, Devries DA (1957) Moisture movement in porous materials under temperature gradient. EOS Trans Am Geophys Union 38(2):222–232. https://doi.org/10.1029/tr038i002p00222
Saito H, Šimůnek J, Mohanty BP (2006) Numerical analysis of coupled water, vapor, and heat transport in the vadose zone. Vadose Zone J 5(2):784. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2006.0007
Santrač P (2015) Analysis of calculated and observed settlements of the silo on loess. Tehnicki Vjesnik - Technical Gazette 22(2):539–545. https://doi.org/10.17559/tv-20140615132437
Silva RA, Buiatti CM, Cruz SL, Pereira JAFR (1996) Pressure wave behaviour and leak detection in pipelines. Comput Chem Eng 20(1):S491–S496. https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-1354(96)00091-9
Shao X, Zhang H, Tan Y (2018) Collapse behavior and microstructural alteration of remolded loess under graded wetting tests. Eng Geol 233:11–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.11.025
Shukla H, Piratla KR, Atamturktur, S (2020) Influence of soil backfill on vibration-based pipeline leakage detection. J Pipeline Syst Eng Pract 11(1):04019055.1–04019055.7. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000435
Song Z, Li X, Lizárraga JJ, Zhao L, Buscarnera G (2020) Spatially distributed landslide triggering analyses accounting for coupled infiltration and volume change. Landslides 17(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01451-1
Travush VI, Tsoi AV, Marufii AT (2016) Influence of local wetting of loess soil on the redistribution of reactive pressures under foundations. Soil Mech Found Eng 53(2):67–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11204-016-9366-8
Van Genuchten MT (1980) A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils1. Soil Sci Soc Am J 44(5):892. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050
Wang J, Watts DB, Meng Q, Zhang Q, Way TR (2016) Influence of surface crusting on infiltration of a loess plateau soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J 80(3):683. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2015.08.0291
Wang J, Zhang D, Chen C, Wang S (2020a) Measurement and modelling of stress-dependent water permeability of collapsible loess in China. Eng Geol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105393
Wang L, Li C, Qiu J, Wang K, Liu T, Li H (2020b) Treatment and effect of loess metro tunnel under surrounding pressure and water immersion environment. Geofluids 2020:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7868157
Wang Q, Horton R, Shao M (2002) Horizontal infiltration method for determining brooks-corey model parameters. Soil Sci Soc Am J 66(6):1733–1739. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2002.1733
Wen X, Jing YL, Hu ZY, Shao JG, Li JR, Wang R (2021) Experimental study on the penetration of natural unsaturated and collapsible loess based on the permeability velocity. KSCE J Civ Eng 25:4585–4595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-1736-8
Xiao B, Wang Q, Zhao Y, Shao M (2011) Artificial culture of biological soil crusts and its effects on overland flow and infiltration under simulated rainfall. Appl Soil Ecol 48(1):11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2011.02.006
Xu Y, Leung CF, Yu J, Chen W (2019) Centrifuge model study on settlement of strip footing subject to rising water table in loess. Can Geotech J cgj-2018–0337. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0337
Zhang YT, Qian H, Hou K, Qu W (2021) Investigating and predicting the temperature effects of permeability for loess. Eng Geol 285(2):106050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106050
Zhi S, Pu W, Mehmet CV, Al-Rodhaan MA, Al-Dhelaan AM, Akyildiz IF (2011) MISE-PIPE: Magnetic induction-based wireless sensor networks for underground pipeline monitoring. Ad Hoc Netw 9(3):218–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2010.10.006
Zotsenko NL, Vinnikov YL (2016) Long-term settlement of buildings erected on driven cast-in-situ piles in loess soil. Soil Mech Found Eng 53(3):189–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11204-016-9384-6
Funding
This work was supported by the Key Science and Technology Program of Shaanxi Province (Program No. 2020ZJ-49), the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi (Program No. 2021JQ-644), and the Scientific Research Program of Shaanxi Education Department(21JK0672).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhao, Z., Wang, T., Jin, X. et al. A new model of temperature-dependent permeability coefficient and simulating of pipe leakage produced immersion of loess foundation. Bull Eng Geol Environ 82, 23 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-03043-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-03043-w