Abstract
The cemented soils by trench cutting re-mixing deep (TRD) wall or trench cutting assembled diaphragm (TAD) wall are a mixture of various soils. The physical and mechanical properties of these cement-stabilized soils are thus not only affected by construction technologies but also significantly controlled by cement content and soil texture. Three typical soils, including clay soil, silty soil, and fine sand, were used to prepare samples of cement-stabilized soils with different combinations of cement content and soil texture. Then, the workability (including fluidity, cohesion, and water retention), strength, hydraulic, and microstructure characteristics of different cement-stabilized soils were investigated by depth compression, permeability, and microstructural tests. Results indicate that there should be a higher water-cement ratio for clay soil while a low value for fine sand to achieve the required compactness. The unconfined compressive strength of cement-stabilized soils increased linearly with cement content, while their permeability had an approximate power relationship with cement content. The permeability magnitude of cement-stabilized composite soils was greatly affected by the proportion of the soil with high permeability. The clay soil could partly improve the pore structure of cement-stabilized composite soils and reduce permeability due to fine particles’ high activity, which was further confirmed by the microstructural analysis. The relationship between unconfined compressive strength and permeability coefficient was approximately consistent with a power function. The unconfined compressive strength of cement-stabilized soils decreased linearly with porosity, and the logarithm to base 10 of permeability coefficients of cement-stabilized soils increased with porosity.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Afrin H (2017) A review on different types soil stabilization techniques. Int J Civ Eng Technol 3(2):19–24
Asgari MR, Baghebanzadeh Dezfuli A, Bayat M (2015) Experimental study on stabilization of a low plasticity clayey soil with cement/lime. Arab J Geosci 8(3):1439–1452
Cardu M, Oreste P (2014) Productivity and working costs of modern trench-cutters for the construction of concrete diaphragms in an urban environment. Int J Min Reclam Environ 28(2):118–132
Chaiyasat S (2019) Permeability of soil cement admixed with air foam. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 652:12022
Chen H, Zhang J, Yan H (2013a) Quantitative evaluation of microstructure characteristics of cement consolidated soil. Bull Eng Geol Env 72(2):233–236
Chen SL, Yang YL, Zhou H, Hu DW (2015) Effect of sewage environment on permeability of cemented soil. Rock Soil Mech 36(11):3047–3054
Chen X, Wu S, Zhou J (2013b) Influence of porosity on compressive and tensile strength of cement mortar. Constr Build Mater 40:869–874
Chindaprasirt P, Rukzon S (2008) Strength, porosity and corrosion resistance of ternary blend Portland cement, rice husk ash and fly ash mortar. Constr Build Mater 22(8):1601–1606
Choobbasti AJ, Kutanaei SS (2017) Microstructure characteristics of cement-stabilized sandy soil using nanosilica. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 9(5):981–988
Consoli NC, Foppa D (2014) Porosity/cement ratio controlling initial bulk modulus and incremental yield stress of an artificially cemented soil cured under stress. Géotechnique Lett 4(1):22–26
Consoli NC, Vaz Ferreira PM, Tang C, Veloso Marques SF, Festugato L, Corte MB (2016) A unique relationship determining strength of silty/clayey soils – Portland cement mixes. Soils Found 56(6):1082–1088
Dano C, Hicher PY, Tailliez S (2004) Engineering properties of grouted sands. J Geotech Geoenvironmental 130(3):328–338
Deng Y, Yue X, Liu S, Chen Y, Zhang D (2015) Hydraulic conductivity of cement-stabilized marine clay with metakaolin and its correlation with pore size distribution. Eng Geol 193:146–152
Diana W, Hartono E, Muntohar AS (2019) The permeability of portland cement-stabilized clay shale. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 650:12027
Do H, Pham V, Nguyen H, Huynh P, Han J (2021) Prediction of unconfined compressive strength and flexural strength of cement-stabilized sandy soils: a case study in Vietnam. Geotech Geol Eng 39(7):4947–4962
Goodary R, Lecomte-Nana GL, Petit C, Smith DS (2012) Investigation of the strength development in cement-stabilised soils of volcanic origin. Constr Build Mater 28(1):592–598
He X, Chen Y, Tan X, Wang S, Liu L (2020) Determining the water content and void ratio of cement-treated dredged soil from the hydration degree of cement. Eng Geol 279
Horpibulsuk S, Rachan R, Chinkulkijniwat A, Raksachon Y, Suddeepong A (2010) Analysis of strength development in cement-stabilized silty clay from microstructural considerations. Constr Build Mater 24(10):2011–2021
Huo J, Zhu J, Hu ZL, Li HB, Hui YC (2012) Application of deep mixing cement soil mixing wall (CSM ). Chin J Geotech Eng 34:666–670
Jayasinghe C, Kamaladasa N (2007) Compressive strength characteristics of cement stabilized rammed earth walls. Constr Build Mater 21(11):1971–1976
Jiang P, Zhang Q, Liu R, Bezuijen A, Liu Y, Li K (2020) Development of a trench cutting re-mixing deep wall method model test device. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 99
Khajeh A, Jamshidi Chenari R, Payan M (2020) A simple review of cemented non-conventional materials: soil composites. Geotech Geol Eng 38(2):1019–1040
Liu L, Zhou A, Deng Y, Cui Y, Yu Z, Yu C (2019) Strength performance of cement/slag-based stabilized soft clays. Constr Build Mater 211:909–918
Lorenzo GA, Bergado DT (2003) New consolidation equation for soil–cement pile improved ground. Can Geotech J 40(2):265–275
Maria S (2010) Methods for porosity measurement in lime-based mortars. Constr Build Mater 24(12):2572–2578
Mengue E, Mroueh H, Lancelot L, Medjo Eko R (2017) Physicochemical and consolidation properties of compacted lateritic soil treated with cement. Soils Found 57(1):60–79
Miao L, Wang X, Kavazanjian E (2008) Consolidation of a double-layered compressible foundation partially penetrated by deep mixed columns. J Geotech Geoenvironmental Eng 134(8):1210–1214
Mohammed A, Mahmood W (2019) Estimating the efficiency of the sandy soils-cement based grout interactions from Particle size distribution (PSD). Geomechanics and Geoengineering : an International Journal 16(2):1–18
Mousavi SE, Wong LS (2016) Permeability characteristics of compacted and stabilized clay with cement, peat ash and silica sand. Civ Eng J 49:149–164
Phan VT, Pham KN (2018) Improvement in engineering properties of soft-soil using cement and lime additives: a case study of southern Vietnam. IOP conference series. Earth Environ Sci 143:12039
Quang ND, Chai JC (2015) Permeability of lime- and cement-treated clayey soils. Can Geotech J 52(9):1221–1227
Ranaivomanana H, Razakamanantsoa A, Amiri O (2017) Permeability prediction of soils including degree of compaction and microstructure. Int J Geomech 17(4):04016107
Ranaivomanana H, Razakamanantsoa A, Amiri O (2018) Effects of cement treatment on microstructural, hydraulic, and mechanical properties of compacted soils: characterization and modeling. Int J Geomech 18(9):04018106
Sakai Y (2020) Relationship between water permeability and pore structure of cementitious materials. Mag Concr Res 72(23):1235–1242
Tao GL, Wu XK, Yang XH, Liu WS, He J, Chen Y (2018) Pore distribution of cement-soil and its effect on permeability. J Eng Geol 26(05):1243–1249
Walker PJ (1995) Strength, durability and shrinkage characteristics of cement stabilised soil blocks. Cement Concr Compos 17(4):301–310
Wang J, Liu X, Wu Y, Liu S, Wu L, Lou R, Lu J, Yin Y (2017) Field experiment and numerical simulation of coupling non-Darcy flow caused by curtain and pumping well in foundation pit dewatering. J Hydrol 549:277–293
Wang Q, Li M, Yang J, Cui J, Zhou W, Guo X (2020) Study on mechanical and permeability characteristics of nickel-copper-contaminated soil solidified by CFG. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(15):18577–18591
Wang WD (2017) Technology and practice of uniformly thick cement soil mixing wall (in Chinese). China Architecture & Building Press, Beijing
Wang WD, Chen YC, Wu GM (2015) Impact analysis and macro-deformation control measures of TRD construction cement-soil mixing walls. Chin J Geotech Eng 37:1–5
Watanabe S (2004) Analysis of cement pastes and mortars by a combination of backscatter-based SEM image analysis and calculations based on the Powers model. Cement Concr Compos 26(8):977–985
Wu J, Deng Y, Zheng X, Cui Y, Zhao Z, Chen Y, Zha F (2019) Hydraulic conductivity and strength of foamed cement-stabilized marine clay. Constr Build Mater 222:688–698
Yang J, Dong M, Sun T, Wang M (2019) Forecast formula for strength of cement-treated clay. Soils Found 59(4):920–929
Yao W, Pang J, Liu Y (2018) An experimental study of portland cement and superfine cement slurry grouting in loose sand and sandy soil. Infrastructures 3(2):9
Zhang H, Xing H, Li H (2022) Mechanical characteristic and microstructure of salt-rich cement soil. Bull Eng Geol Env 81(3):92
Zhu C, Wang Z (2013) Experimental research on the variation regularity of permeability coefficient of cement soil. Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Insti 30(07):59–63
Zou WL, HE Y, De Zhang F, Wang DX, Wang S, Wang YM (2017) Experimental study on unsaturated permeability characteristics of solidified sediment stabilized with cement. Journal of Zhejiang University (Engineering ence) 51(11):2182–2188
Funding
The study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41902282), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (Grant No. BK20171006), and the State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (Grant No. SKLFSE201809), and the Fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (NO. 2021M701688).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, S., Guo, S., Gao, X. et al. Effects of cement content and soil texture on strength, hydraulic, and microstructural characteristics of cement-stabilized composite soils. Bull Eng Geol Environ 81, 264 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02734-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02734-8