Abstract
This study considered three different sandstones from the surrounding rock in the underground reservoir of the Ningtiaota coal mine in northern Shaanxi Province, China. Data regarding wave velocity, porosity, stress–strain values, and the crack pores aspect ratio distribution of three different sandstones undergoing loading–unloading conditions were obtained, and the mechanism of the relationship between rock wave velocity change and pore change is analyzed. The results found that the P/S wave velocity increased with the deviator stress growth. However, when the deviator stress reached a certain value, the S wave shows a more sensitive characteristic than the P wave, and the S wave velocity appears a significant slow down position. Through theoretical inversion, the high-pressure modulus of the rock and the aspect ratio of the closed pores under high pressure were obtained, and it was found that the reason for the slowing down of the S wave growth rate was the closure of the crack pore. Comparing the experimental data, it is known that the stress value at the S wave first slows down point means most of the crack pores are closed. Based on this study, it is proposed that the rock loading process is divided into the compression stage, crack pore closure stage, and damage development stage. In addition, based on the relationship between wave velocity and microstructure, S wave can be used as an effective parameter to predict rock stability, permeability, and safety.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Born WT (1941) The attenuation constant of earth materials. Geophysics 6(2):132–148. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1443714
Bristow JR (1960) Microcracks, and the static and dynamic elastic constants of annealed and heavily cold-worked metals. Br J Appl Phys 11(11):81–85
Cheng CH (1978) Seismic velocities in porous rocks: direct and inverse problems (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35318
Cheng CH, Toksöz MN (1979) Inversion of seismic velocities for the pore aspect ratio spectrum of a rock. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth 84(B13):7533–7543. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB084iB13p07533
Cheng W, Ba J, Fu LY, Maxim L (2019) Wave-velocity dispersion and rock microstructure. J Petrol Sci Eng 183:106466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2019.106466
David EC, Zimmerman RW (2012) Pore structure model for elastic wave velocities in fluid‐saturated sandstones. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth 117(B7). https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JB009195
Ding P, Di B, Wang D, Wei J, Zeng L (2018) P-and S wave velocity and anisotropy in saturated rocks with aligned cracks. Wave Motion 81:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wavemoti.2018.05.001
Domenico SN (1984) Rock lithology and porosity determination from shear and compressional wave velocity. Geophysics 49(8):1188–1195. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1441748
Eshelby JD (1957) The determination of the elastic field of an ellipsoidal inclusion, and related problems. Proc R Soc Lond 241(1226):376–396. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1957.0133
Gao J, Fan L, Xi Y, Du X (2022) Effects of cooling thermal shock on the P-wave velocity of granite and its microstructure analysis under immersion in water, half immersion in water, and near-water cooling conditions. Bull Eng Geol Env 81(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02505-x
Ghabezloo S, Sulem J, Saint-Marc J (2009a) The effect of undrained heating on a fluid-saturated hardened cement paste. Cem Concr Res 39(1):54–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.09.004
Ghabezloo S, Sulem J (2009b) Stress dependent thermal pressurization of a fluid-saturated rock. Rock Mech Rock Eng 42(1):1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-008-0165-z
Holt RM, Furre AK, Horsrud P (1997) Stress dependent wave velocities in sedimentary rock cores: why and why not? Int J Rock Mech Mining Sci 34(3–4), 128. e1–128. e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(97)00059-2
Jiang G, Zuo J, Li Y, Wei X (2019) Experimental investigation on mechanical and acoustic parameters of different depth shale under the effect of confining pressure. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52(11):4273–4286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-01870-0
Kuster GT, Toksöz MN (1974) Velocity and attenuation of seismic waves in two-phase media: part I. Theor Formulations Geophys 39(5):587–606. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1440450
Kuster GT, Toksöz MN (1974) Velocity and attenuation of seismic waves in two-phase media: part II. Exp Res Geophys 39(5):607–618. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1440451
Nara Y, Meredith PG, Yoneda T, Kaneko K (2011) Influence of macro-fractures and micro-fractures on permeability and elastic wave velocities in basalt at elevated pressure. Tectonophysics 503(1–2):52–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2010.09.027
Nur A, Byerlee J (1971) An exact effective stress law for elastic deformation of rock with fluids. J Geophys Res 76(26):6414–6419
Oloruntobi O, Butt S (2020) The shear-wave velocity prediction for sedimentary rocks. J Nat Gas Sci Eng 76. 103084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2019.103084
Ouyang F, Zhao J, LI Z, Xiao Z, He Y, Zhao H, Ren J, (2021) Inversion of pore aspect ratio distribution based on effective medium theories. Chin J Geophys 64(3):1016–1033. https://doi.org/10.6038/cjg2021O0348
Shen X, Chen M, Lu W, Li L (2017) Using P wave modulus to estimate the mechanical parameters of rock mass. Bull Eng Geol Env 76(4):1461–1470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-016-0932-0
Song Y, Li Y (2021) Study on the constitutive model of the whole process of macroscale and mesoscale shear damage of prestressed anchored jointed rock. Bull Eng Geol Env 80(8):6093–6106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02332-0
Sun J, Dong X, Wang J, Schmitt DR, Xu C, Mohammed T, Chen D (2016) Measurement of total porosity for gas shales by gas injection porosimetry (GIP) method. Fuel 186:694–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.09.010
Sun Y, Zuo J, Shi Y, Li Z, Mi C, Wen J (2021) Experimental investigation on the correlation between dynamic ultrasonic and mechanical properties of sandstone subjected to uniaxial compression. Geofluids. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5578591
Tang XM, Chen X, Xu X (2012) A cracked porous medium elastic wave theory and its application to interpreting acoustic data from tight formations. Geophysics 77(6):D245–D252. https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0091.1
Uyanık O (2019) Estimation of the porosity of clay soils using seismic P-and S-wave velocities. J Appl Geophys 170:103832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2019.103832
Walsh JB (1965) The effect of cracks on the uniaxial elastic compression of rocks. J Geophys Res 70(2):399–411. https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ070i002p00399
Wong LNY, Lai VSK, Tam TPY (2018) Joint spacing distribution of granites in Hong Kong. Eng Geol 245:120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.08.009
Wu T, Pan Z, Connell LD, Liu B, Fu X, Xue Z (2020) Gas breakthrough pressure of tight rocks: a review of experimental methods and data. J Nat Gas Sci Eng 81, 103408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2020.103408
Zhang S, Zhang X, Wang X, Li J, Yu B (2019) Wang H (2019) Experimental study on the variation of wave velocities of granite during loading process under a certain confining pressure. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 38(09):1767–1775. https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2019.0246.(InChinese)
Zimmerman RW (1991) Compressibility of sandstones. Elsevier, New York
Zimmerman RW, Somerton WH, King MS (1986) Compressibility of porous rocks. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 91(B12):12765–12777. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB12p12765
Zuo J, Shen (2020) The Hoek-Brown failure criterion–from theory to application Springer Singapore https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1769-3
Zuo JP, Wei X, Shi Y, Liu C, Li M, Wong RH (2020) Experimental study of the ultrasonic and mechanical properties of a naturally fractured limestone. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 125:104162 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2019.104162
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Beijing Outstanding Young Scientist Program (BJJWZYJH01201911413037), Shaanxi Coal Group Key Project (2018SMHKJ-A-J-03), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2022YJSLJ02).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, Z., Zuo, J., Sun, Y. et al. Investigation on sandstone wave velocity variation and the stress response of pore structure. Bull Eng Geol Environ 81, 237 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02723-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02723-x