Abstract
The cyclic response of soil seabed under longs-term cyclic loading is critical to foundation stability of offshore wind turbines (OWT); therefore, the accurate analysis and design of foundation structure of OWT require a clear understanding of the dynamic characteristics of submarine soil. While existing studies mostly concentrate on the cyclic stress–strain and pore-water pressure behavior, this paper investigates and quantifies the morphological development of hysteretic behavior based on a series of dynamic triaxial testing results. Four morphological parameters are introduced to quantitatively describe the hysteretic behavior, i.e., the non-closure degree, length–width ratio, inclination, area. Two distinct development laws of morphological parameters against number of cycles are observed, i.e., the destructive mode under large cyclic stress ratio (CSR) and the stable mode under small CSR. Furthermore, soil specimens under different cyclic stress paths were divide into three failure states, i.e., failure state, critical state, and stable state, and the cyclic failure criteria by analyzing cumulative strain development and energy dissipation were discussed and proposed. This provides a fundamental reference for investigating engineering geology properties of submarine clay under long-term cyclic loading.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The original data used to produce the presented results cannot be shared at this time as the data is also used in an ongoing study.
References
Cao Z, Chen J, Cai Y, Gu C, Wang J (2017) Effects of moisture content on the cyclic behavior of crushed tuff aggregates by large-scale tri-axial test. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 95:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.01.027
Cao Z, Chen J, Cai Y, Zhao L, Gu C, Wang J (2018) Long-term behavior of clay-fouled unbound granular materials subjected to cyclic loadings with different frequencies. Eng Geol 243:118–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.06.019
Chen Y, Zhang L, Liao C, Jiang M, Peng M (2020) A two-stage probabilistic approach for the risk assessment of submarine landslides induced by gas hydrate exploitation. Applied Ocean Res 99:102–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2020.102158
Darvishi Alamouti S, Bahaari MR, Moradi M (2020) Dynamic analysis of a monopile supported wind turbine considering experimental p–y curves. Ships Offshore Struct 15:670–682. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2019.1665910
Dogan M, Ozgenc Aksoy A, Arisoy Y, Guney MS, Abdi V (2018) Experimental investigation of the equilibrium scour depth below submerged pipes both in live-bed and clear-water regimes under the wave effect. Appl Ocean Res 80:49–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2018.08.010
Ding Z, Yu J, Sun M (2021) Strain accumulation and microstructure characteristics of soft clay under cross-river subway loading. Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology) 52(3): 948−959.
Escobar A, Negro V, López-Gutiérrez JS, Esteban MD (2019) Assessment of the influence of the acceleration field on scour phenomenon in offshore wind farms. Renew Energy 136:1036–1043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.09.096
Fan CC, Long JH (2005) Assessment of existing methods for predicting soil response of laterally loaded piles in sand. Comput Geotech 32:274–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2005.02.004
Gao B (2012) The numerical simulation and analysis of wave field in Laizhou Sea. Ocean University of China, Qingdao
Guo L, Wang J, Cai Y, Liu H, Gao Y, Sun H (2013) Undrained deformation behavior of saturated soft clay under long-term cyclic loading. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 50:28–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.01.029
Guo L, Chen J, Wang J, Cai Y, Deng P (2016) Influences of stress magnitude and loading frequency on cyclic behavior of K0-consolidated marine clay involving principal stress rotation. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 84:94–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.01.024
Glarou M, Zrust M, Svendsen JC (2020) Using artificial-reef knowledge to enhance the ecological function of offshore wind turbine foundations: implications for fish abundance and diversity J Mar Sci Eng 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/JMSE8050332
Kong D, Liu Y, Deng M, Zhao X (2020) Analysis of influencing factors of lateral soil resistance distribution characteristics around monopile foundation for offshore wind power. Appl Ocean Res 97:102–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2020.102106
Lee CJ, Sheu SF (2007) The stiffness degradation and damping ratio evolution of Taipei Silty Clay under cyclic straining. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 27:730–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2006.12.008
Leng J, Ye GL, Ye B, Jeng DS (2017) Laboratory test and empirical model for shear modulus degradation of soft marine clays. Ocean Eng 146:101–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.09.057
Leng J, Liao C, Ye G, Jeng DS (2018) Laboratory study for soil structure effect on marine clay response subjected to cyclic loads. Ocean Eng 147:45–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.10.020
Lei H, Zhang Y, Feng S, Sun X, Hao Q, Jiang M (2021) Grey relational analysis of cumulative plastic deformation and microscopic parameters of soft clay under cyclic loading. Journal of Tianjin University(Science and Technology) 54: 245–254.
Lin B, Zhang F, Feng D, Tang K, Feng X (2017) Accumulative plastic strain of thawed saturated clay under long-term cyclic loading. Eng Geol 231:230–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.09.028
Lin B, Zhang F, Feng D, Tang K, Feng X (2018) Dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of thawed saturated clay under long-term cyclic loading. Cold Reg Sci Technol 145:93–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2017.10.003
Liu X, Zhang X, Wang H, Jiang B (2019) Laboratory testing and analysis of dynamic and static resilient modulus of subgrade soil under various influencing factors. Constr Build Mater 195:178–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.061
Luengo J, Negro V, García-Barba J, López-Gutiérrez JS, Esteban MD (2019) New detected uncertainties in the design of foundations for offshore wind turbines. Renew Energy 131:667–677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.07.103
Luo F, Zhao S, Kong X, Jiao G (2014) Experimental study on morphological properties of hysteretic curves of frozen Lanzhou loess under stepped axial cyclic loading. Chin Civil Eng J 47:127–132
Luo F, Zhao S, Ma W, Jiao G, Kong X (2013) Quantitative research on morphological characteristics of hysteretic curves of Qinghai—tibet frozen clay. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 32:208–215
He B, Lai Y, Wang L, Hong Y, Zhu R (2019) Scour effects on the lateral behavior of a large-diameter monopile in soft clay: role of stress history J Mar Sci Eng 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7060170
Huang J, Peng L, Yuan T, Ding Z, Lei M (2018) Experimental study on evolution law of hysteretic curves of peaty soil under stepped axial cyclic loading. Journal of Central South University 49:1753–1759
Kaya Z, Erken A (2015) Cyclic and post-cyclic monotonic behavior of Adapazari soils. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 77:83–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.05.003
Mieloszyk M, Ostachowicz W (2017) An application of Structural Health Monitoring system based on FBG sensors to offshore wind turbine support structure model. Mar Struct 51:65–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2016.10.006
Ministry of Water Resources of People’s Republic of China (1999) Specification of Soil Test (SL237–1999). Beijing.
Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural Development of the People’s Republic of China (2019) Code for investigation of geotechnical engineering (GB 50021–2019), China Architecture & Building Press.
Ou L, XuW YQ, Ma CL, Teng X, Dong YE (2018) Offshore wind zoning in China: method and experience. Ocean Coast Manag 151:99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.10.016
Qi WG, Li YX, Xu K, Gao FP (2019) Physical modelling of local scour at twin piles under combined waves and current. Coast Eng 143:63–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2018.10.009
Qian JG, Wang YG, Yin ZY, Huang MS (2016) Experimental identification of plastic shakedown behavior of saturated clay subjected to traffic loading with principal stress rotation. Eng Geol 214:29–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.09.012
Qu S, Liu WZ, Nie ZH (2017) Change law and prediction model for accumulative deformation of artificial structured soft soil under long-term cyclic loading. J Eng Geol 25:0975–1010
Ren XW, Xu Q, Teng J, Zhao N, Lv L (2018) A novel model for the cumulative plastic strain of soft marine clay under long-term low cyclic loads. Ocean Eng 149:194–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.12.028
Saǧlam S, Bakir BS (2014) Cyclic response of saturated silts Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 164–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2014.02.011
Tang LS, Chen HK, Sang HT, Zhang SY, Zhang JY (2015) Determination of traffic-load-influenced depths in clayey subsoil based on the shakedown concept. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 77:182–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.05.009
Wang J, Guo L, Cai Y, Xu C, Gu C (2013) Strain and pore pressure development on soft marine clay in triaxial tests with a large number of cycles. Ocean Eng 74:125–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2013.10.005
Wang J, Liu FC (2010) Discussion for denomination of mud and muddy soil. Soil Engineering and Foundation 24:88–90
Wang P, Zhao M, Du X, Liu J, Xu C (2018) Wind, wave and earthquake responses of offshore wind turbine on monopile foundation in clay. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 113:47–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.04.028
Wang Y, Gao Y, Guo L, Cai Y, Li B, Qiuh Y, Mahfouz Ali H (2017) Cyclic response of natural soft marine clay under principal stress rotation as induced by wave loads. Ocean Eng 129:191–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2016.11.031
Wang Y, Gao Y, Li B, Guo L, Cai Y, Mahfouz Ali H (2019) Influence of initial state and intermediate principal stress on undrained behavior of soft clay during pure principal stress rotation. Acta Geotech 14:1379–1401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-018-0735-5
Wu X, Hu Y, Li Y, Yang J, Duan L, Wang T, Adcock T, Jiang ZY, Gao Z, Lin ZL, Borthwick A, Liao S (2019) Foundations of offshore wind turbines: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 104:379–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.01.012
Yang L, Woods RD (2014) Shear stiffness modeling of cemented clay. Can Geotech J 52:156–166. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2012-0377
Yang Q, Ren Y, Niu J, Cheng K, Hu Y, Wang Y (2018) Characteristics of soft marine clay under cyclic loading: a review. Bull Eng Geol Environ 77:1027–1046. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-017-1078-4
Yang Z, Yuan J, Liu J, Han B (2017) Shear modulus degradation curves of gravelly and clayey soils based on KiK-net in situ seismic observations. J Geotech Geoenvironmental Eng 143:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001738
Zhang XL, Liu JX, Han Y, Du XL (2018) A framework for evaluating the bearing capacity of offshore wind power foundation under complex loadings. Appl Ocean Res 80:66–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2018.08.019
Zhang X (2019) Study on dynamic characteristics of mucky clay in Laizhou Bay offshore wind farm under cyclic wave loads. Shandong University, Jinan
Zhao X (2013) The change of wave dynamic environment for Laizhou Bay in recent 30 years. Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin
Zheng qingqing (2019) Research on dynamic characteristics of Hangzhou sofy clay under intermittent cyclic loading on macro and micro scales. Zhejiang University, Hangzhou
Funding
The authors wish to appreciate the financial supports provided by the National Key and Program of China (2021YFE0113400), National Natural Science Foundation of China (52171266; 51979155; 51909249), and Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation (LQ19E090001).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Song Dai: methodology and writing—original draft preparation. Bo Han: conceptualization and writing—original draft preparation. Ningbo Li: writing—original draft preparation and reviewing. Baogang Wang: reviewing and editing. Ben He: methodology, reviewing, and editing. Jian Liu: reviewing and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dai, S., Han, B., Li, N. et al. Morphologic analysis of hysteretic behavior of China Laizhou Bay submarine mucky clay and its cyclic failure criteria. Bull Eng Geol Environ 81, 52 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02518-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02518-6