Automatic calculation of rainfall thresholds for landslide occurrence in Chukha Dzongkhag, Bhutan

Gariano, Stefano Luigi; Sarkar, Raju; Dikshit, Abhirup; Dorji, Kelzang; Brunetti, Maria Teresa; Peruccacci, Silvia; Melillo, Massimo

doi:10.1007/s10064-018-1415-2

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Published: 01 November 2018

Automatic calculation of rainfall thresholds for landslide occurrence in Chukha Dzongkhag, Bhutan

Stefano Luigi Gariano ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1605-7701¹,
Raju Sarkar^2,3,
Abhirup Dikshit²,
Kelzang Dorji²,
Maria Teresa Brunetti¹,
Silvia Peruccacci¹ &
Massimo Melillo¹

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment volume 78, pages 4325–4332 (2019)Cite this article

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Abstract

Bhutan is highly prone to landslides, particularly during the monsoon season. Several landslides often occur along the Phuentsholing–Thimphu highway, a very important infrastructure for the country. Worldwide, empirical rainfall thresholds represent a widely used tool to predict the occurrence of rainfall-induced landslides. Nevertheless, no thresholds are currently designed and proposed for any region in Bhutan. In this work, we define empirical cumulated event rainfall–rainfall duration thresholds for the possible initiation of landslides using information on 269 landslides that occurred between 1998 and 2015 along the 90-km highway stretch between the towns of Phuentsholing and Chukha, in southwestern Bhutan, and daily rainfall measurements obtained from three rain gauges. For this purpose, we apply a consolidated frequentist method and use an automatic tool that identifies the rainfall conditions responsible for the failures and calculates thresholds at different exceedance probabilities and the uncertainties associated with them. Analyzing rainfall and landslide data, we exclude from the analysis all the landslides for which the rainfall trigger is not certain, so we reduce the number of landslides from 269 to 43. The calculated thresholds are useful to identify the triggering conditions of rainfall-induced landslides and to predict the occurrence of the failures in the study area, which is, to date, poorly studied. These rainfall thresholds might be implemented in an early warning system, in order to reduce the risk posed by these phenomena to the population living and traveling along the investigated road stretch.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the various agencies of the Royal Government of Bhutan for providing rainfall data and the Border Roads Organisation, Government of India (DANTAK project) for providing landslide data. The authors also thank the staff and students of the College of Science and Technology, Royal University of Bhutan, Rinchending. Stefano Luigi Gariano was supported by a grant from NERC in the framework of the LANDSLIP project (grant number NERC/DFID NE/P000681/1). Raju Sarkar was supported by a grant from the BRACE project (grant number NERC/GCRF NE/P016219/1). The authors acknowledge the two anonymous reviewers for their useful comments and suggestions.

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Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection, Italian National Research Council (CNR-IRPI), Perugia, Italy
Stefano Luigi Gariano, Maria Teresa Brunetti, Silvia Peruccacci & Massimo Melillo
Center for Disaster Risk Reduction and Community Development Studies, Royal University of Bhutan, Rinchending, Bhutan
Raju Sarkar, Abhirup Dikshit & Kelzang Dorji
Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Delhi, India
Raju Sarkar

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Stefano Luigi Gariano
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Raju Sarkar
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Abhirup Dikshit
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Kelzang Dorji
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Maria Teresa Brunetti
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Silvia Peruccacci
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Massimo Melillo
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Correspondence to Stefano Luigi Gariano.

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Gariano, S.L., Sarkar, R., Dikshit, A. et al. Automatic calculation of rainfall thresholds for landslide occurrence in Chukha Dzongkhag, Bhutan. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78, 4325–4332 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-018-1415-2

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Received: 17 July 2018
Accepted: 20 October 2018
Published: 01 November 2018
Issue Date: 01 September 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-018-1415-2

Keywords

Landslide prediction
Rainfall events
Road
Triggering rainfall
Himalaya