Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Soil characterization of Bornova Plain (Izmir, Turkey) and its surroundings using a combined survey of MASW and ReMi methods and Nakamura’s (HVSR) technique

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Structural damage which occurs during earthquakes is related to both the soil dynamic behavior attributes and soil response spectrums. Therefore, soil characterization based of S-wave velocity (Vs) is one of the prime factors to estimate damage and hazards. In this study, multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) and refraction microtremor (ReMi) methods have been applied to estimate Vs values of the area located east of Izmir Bay. Based on the estimated Vs values, two- and three-dimensional shear-wave velocity and the maximum shear modulus maps at various depths down to 50 m were prepared. To study the relationship between the predominant period of the soil and shear-wave velocity values, a horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) spectral ratio method using Nakamura’s technique has been applied. Groundwater level, standard penetration test (SPT-N30) and Poisson ratio values were also obtained from previous geotechnical borehole data in the study area. In addition, we calculated building periods using the empirical relationship between height (or number of floors) of buildings and predominant period of the buildings to examine soil-structure resonance. According to the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP; 1997) soil classification, the study site consists of B-, C- and F-type soils. Risk maps were created using dynamic properties of the soil.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akin Ö, Sayil N (2016) Site characterization using surface wave methods in the Arsin-Trabzon province. Environ Earth Sci 75:72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4840-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bozkurt E, Oberhänsli R (2001) Menderes Massif (western Turkey): structural, metamorphic and magmatic evolution-a synthesis. Int J Earth Sci 89(4):679–708

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caruso S, Ferraro A, Grasso S, Massimino MR (2016) Site response analysis in eastern sicily based on direct and indirect Vs measurements. 1st IMEKO TC4 International Workshop on Metrology for Geotechnics, MetroGeotechnics 2016

  • Carvalho J, Torres L, Castro R, Dias R, Mendes-Victor L (2009) Seismic velocities and geotechnical data applied to the soil microzoning of western Algarve, Portugal. J Appl Geophys 68(2):249–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castelli F, Cavallaro A, Ferraro A, Grasso S (2016a) In situ and laboratory tests for site response analysis in the ancient city of Noto (Italy). 1st IMEKO TC4 International Workshop on Metrology for Geotechnics, MetroGeotechnics 2016

  • Castelli F, Cavallaro A, Grasso S, Lentini V (2016b) Seismic microzoning from synthetic ground motion earthquake scenarios parameters: the case study of the city of Catania (Italy). Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 88:307–327. (ISSN: 0267- 7261). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.07.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Catchings RD (1999) Regional Vp, Vs, Vp/Vs, and Poisson’s ratios across earthquake source zones from Memphis, Tennessee, to St. Louis, Missouri. Bull Seismol Soc Am 89(6):1591–1605

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavallaro A, Grasso S and Maugeri M (2006) Volcanic soil characterisation and site response analysis in the city of Catania. Proceedings of the 8th National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, San Francisco, 18- 22 April 2006, paper n°. 1290, vol 2, pp 835–844. (ISBN: 1-932884-25-4)

  • Cavallaro A, Ferraro A, Grasso S, Maugeri M (2008) Site response analysis of the Monte Po Hill in the city of Catania. Proceedings of the 2008 Seismic Engineering International Conference Commemorating the 1908 Messina and Reggio Calabria Earthquake MERC EA’08, Reggio Calabria and Messina, 8- 11 July 2008, pp. 240–251. (ISBN: 978-0-7354-0542-4/08; EISSN: 15517616; ISSN: 0094-243X), https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2963841. AIP Conference Proceedings, Volume 1020, Issue PART 1, 2008, pp 583–594. (ISSN: 0094243X)

  • Cavallaro A, Grasso S, Ferraro A (2016) Study on seismic response analysis in “Vincenzo Bellini” garden area by seismic dilatometer Marchetti tests. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Geotechnical and Geophysical Site Characterisation, ISC 2016

  • Cavallaro A, Castelli F, Ferraro A, Grasso S, Lentini V (2017) Site response analysis for the seismic improvement of an historical and monumental building: the case study of Augusta Hangar. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, November 2017. Springer, pp 1–32. (ISSN: 1435-9529). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-017-1170-9

  • Code TE (2007) Specification for structures to be built in disaster areas Ministry of Public Works and Settlement Government of Republic of Turkey

  • Destici C (2001) Obtaining dynamic and static parameters with seismic wave velocities, SDU MMF Geophysics Eng. Bachelor Thesis, Isparta (Unpublished)

  • Donohue S, Long M, O’Connor P, & Gavin K (2004) Use of multichannel analysis of surface waves in determining Gmax for soft clay. In: Proceedings 2nd. Int. Conf on Geotechnical Site Characterisation, ISC, vol 2, pp 459–466)

  • Erdoğan B (1990) Stratigraphic features and tectonic evolution of the İzmir-Ankara zone located between İzmir and Seferihisar. Turkish Association of Petroleum Geologist (TPJD) Bulletin 2:1–20 (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Essien UE, Akankpo AO, Igboekwe MU (2014) Poisson’s ratio of surface soils and shallow sediments determined from seismic compressional and shear wave velocities. Int J Geosci 5:1540–1546. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2014.512125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferraro A, Grasso S, Maugeri M, Totani F (2016) Seismic response analysis in the southern part of the historic Centre of the City of L’Aquila (Italy). Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 88:256–264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallipoli MR, Mucciarelli M, Šket-Motnikar B, Zupanćić P, Gosar A, Prevolnik S, Herak M, Stipćević J, Herak D, Milutinović Z, Olumćeva T (2010) Empirical estimates of dynamic parameters on a large set of European buildings. Bull Earthq Eng 8(3):593–607

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • http://www.geopsy.org. Access Date 20102016

  • Kanlı Aİ, Tildy P, Pronay Z, Pınar A, Hemann L (2006) Vs30 mapping aAnd soil classification for seismic site effect evaluation in dinar region, Sw Turkey. Geophys J Int 165:223–235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kayan I (2000) Morphotectonic units and alluvial geomorphology of the İzmir area. Seismicity of Western Anatolia symposium, 10

  • Keçeli A (2009) Applied geophysics, chamber of geophysıcal engineers of Turkey, No:9

  • Kıncal C (2004) Evaluation of geological units in İzmir inner bay and it’s vicinity by using GIS and remote sensing systems in terms of engineering geology Dokuz Eylül University, The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, PhD Thesis, İzmir (in Turkish)

  • Komazawa M, Morikawa H, Nakamura K, Akamatsu J, Nishimura K, Sawada S, Erken A, Önalp A (2002) Bedrock structure in Adapazari, Turkey—a possible cause of severe damage by the 1999 Kociaeli earthquake. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 22:829–836

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer SL (1996) Geotechnical earthquake engineering. Prentice-Hall, Inc, Upper Saddle River

    Google Scholar 

  • Levenberg K (1944) A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Q Appl Math 2:164–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Louie JN (2001) Faster, better: shear-wave velocity to 100 meters depth from refraction microtremor arrays. Bull Seismol Soc Am 91:347–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marquardt D (1963) An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters. J Soc Ind Appl Math 11(2):431–441

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura Y (1989) A method for dynamic characteristics estimation of sub-surface using microtremor on the ground surface. Quarterly Report of Railway Technical Research Institute 30:25–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Navarro M, Oliveira CS (2008) Experimental techniques for assessment of dynamic behaviour of buildings. In: Assessing and managing earthquake risk. Springer, Netherlands, pp 159–183

  • NEHRP (1997) Recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures. FEMA-303 Prepared by the Building Seismic Safety Council for the Federal Emergency Management Agency Washington DC

  • Nogoshi M, Igarashi T (1970) On the propagation characteristics of microtremors. J Seismol Soc Jpn 23:264–280

    Google Scholar 

  • Özer S, İrtem O (1982) Geological setting, stratigraphy and facies characteristics of the upper cretaceous limestones in the Işıklar-Altındağ (Bornova-İzmir) area. Turkey Geology Bulletin 25:41–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Pamuk E, Özdağ ÖC, Özyalın Ş, Akgün M (2017) Soil characterization of Tınaztepe region (İzmir/Turkey) using surface wave methods and Nakamura (HVSR) technique. Earthq Eng Eng Vib 16(2):447–458

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park CB, Miller RD, Xia J (1999) Multichannel analysis of surface waves. Geophysics 64(3):800–808

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uyanık O (2002) Potential liquefaction analysis method based on shear wave velocity. DEU The School of Natural and Applied Sciences (PhD Thesis), İzmir, p 176

  • Uyanık O, Çatlıoğlu B (2015) Determination of density from seismic velocities. Jeofizik 17:3–15 (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Uzel B, Sözbilir H, Özkaymak Ç (2012) Neotectonic evolution of an actively growing superimposed basin in western Anatolia: the inner bay of Izmir, Turkey. Turk J Earth Sci 21(4):439–471

    Google Scholar 

  • Yalçınkaya E (2010) Why is the soil so important? UCTEA Chamber Geophysics bulletin 63:77–80 (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was realized within the scope of Mr. Eren Pamuk’s PhD thesis at Dokuz Eylul University, The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences. Microtremor measurements in this research were provided by DEU BAP (project no. 2015FEN032). MASW and ReMi data in this research were provided by TUBITAK-KAMAG (project no. 106G159).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, 35160, İzmir, Turkey

    Eren Pamuk

  2. Department of Geophysical Research, MTA (General Directorate of the Mineral Research & Exploration of Turkey), 06800, Ankara, Turkey

    Eren Pamuk

  3. Dokuz Eylül University Aegean Implementation and Research Center, 35430, İzmir, Turkey

    Özkan Cevdet Özdağ

  4. Dokuz Eylül University Engineering Faculty Department of Geophysical Engineering, 35160, İzmir, Turkey

    Mustafa Akgün

Authors
  1. Eren Pamuk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Özkan Cevdet Özdağ
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mustafa Akgün
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eren Pamuk.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pamuk, E., Özdağ, Ö.C. & Akgün, M. Soil characterization of Bornova Plain (Izmir, Turkey) and its surroundings using a combined survey of MASW and ReMi methods and Nakamura’s (HVSR) technique. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78, 3023–3035 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-018-1293-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-018-1293-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation