Abstract
Unlike the symmetrical surface settlement trough of a single tunnel which can be described using the Gaussian function, surface settlement over twin tunnels can be symmetric with respect to the mid-point between two tunnels or asymmetric. The paper reports the settlement troughs which developed when earth pressure balance (EPB) machines were used to excavate twin tunnels at shallow depth in the soft ground conditions beneath a developed part of Istanbul. An attempt is made to evaluate the effects of different factors on the surface subsidence. Detailed monitoring was undertaken when one tunnel was advanced ahead of the other and when only one tunnel was being driven. It was found that the shapes of the subsidence troughs over the two tunnels were different and varied with the excavation of the second/subsequent tunnel. It is concluded that changes in the subsidence trough are related to disturbance in the geo-material when an excavation is advanced ahead, as well as the nature and thickness of the overburden.
Résumé
La cuvette symétrique de tassement au-dessus d’un tunnel peut être décrite par une fonction gaussienne, mais le tassement au-dessus d’un bi-tube peut être symétrique par rapport au point médian entre les deux tubes ou asymétrique. L’article présente les cuvettes de tassement qui se sont développées quand un tunnelier à pression de terre (EPB) a été utilisé pour creuser deux tubes à faible profondeur dans des conditions de sols mous sous une partie de la ville d’Istanbul. Une tentative est faite pour évaluer les effets de différents facteurs sur le tassement de surface. Une instrumentation de précision a été mise en œuvre lorsque l’un des tubes était en avance par rapport à l’autre et lorsque seulement un tube était foré. On a trouvé que les formes des cuvettes de tassement au-dessus de deux tubes étaient différentes et se modifiaient avec le creusement du deuxième tube. On a conclu que les modifications de la cuvette de tassement résultent d’une part des déformations des matériaux géologiques lorsqu’une excavation prend de l’avance sur l’autre et d’autre part de la nature et de l’épaisseur du recouvrement.
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Acknowledgments
The author would like to express his deep gratitude to Prof. Erdogan Yuzer and Prof. Nuh Bilgin for their valuable comments on this manuscript, and to the authorities of the Gulermak-Dogus Joint Venture for providing the monitoring data.
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Mahmutoğlu, Y. Surface subsidence induced by twin subway tunnelling in soft ground conditions in Istanbul. Bull Eng Geol Environ 70, 115–131 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-010-0289-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-010-0289-8