Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Design and evaluation of a high− fidelity virtual reality manufacturing planning system

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Virtual Reality Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Manufacturing applications of virtual reality (VR) technology are growing. The challenge is to design, integrate, and evaluate VR simulation for manufacturing Systems that improves the effectiveness of the planning process. In this paper, we discuss the technical infrastructure necessary to design a collaborative virtual manufacturing planning system. We describe the VR system setup and the integration of hardware and software to produce high-fidelity virtual simulation for manufacturing planning purposes. The designing guidelines are demonstrated by a high-fidelity VR simulation of a stamping process. The VR simulation also presents a method of visualizing computer-aided engineering content. Also, this paper assesses the factors that affect overall fidelity of the VR simulation. Objective evaluation of the VR simulation was conducted using the fidelity framework and the scales, whereas the subjective evaluation methods used were VR-simulation-driven data interpretation. The VR simulation was evaluated by a selective sample of 33 senior engineering students using a highly reliable scale (Cronbach’s Alpha = .93) questionnaire that was designed to evaluate functionality, performance, and experience. The results of the subjective evaluation validate the evaluation of objective scales to be high-medium for the VR system used (M = 5.24, M = 5.11) respectively. Significant positive relationships were found between all factors, except distraction, which had a significant negative relationship with fidelity. Overall, the realism and sensory systems factors were found to be the main significant factors affecting the fidelity of the VR system.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abidi MH, Al-Ahmari A, Ahmad A, Ameen W, Alkhalefah H (2019) Assessment of virtual reality-based manufacturing assembly training system. Inter J Adv Manufact Technol 105(9):3743–3759

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akpan IJ, Shanker M (2017) The confirmed realities and myths about the benefits and costs of 3D visualization and virtual reality in discrete event modeling and simulation: A descriptive meta-analysis of evidence from research and practice. Comput Ind Eng 112:197–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2017.08.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alcácer V, Cruz-Machado V (2019) Scanning the industry 4.0: a literature review on technologies for manufacturing systems. Eng Sci Technol Inter J 22(3):899–919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2019.01.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Jundi H, Tanbour E (2021) Virtual reality applications in manufacturing planning: a review of the literature. Unpublished manuscript. VIRE-D-20–00236R3

  • Al-Jundi HA, Tanbour EY (2022) A framework for fidelity evaluation of immersive virtual reality systems. Virtual Reality 6:1–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Azizi A, Ghafoorpoor Yazdi P, Hashemipour M (2018) Interactive design of storage unit utilizing virtual reality and ergonomic framework for production optimization in manufacturing industry. Int J Interact Des Manufact (IJIDeM) 13(1):373–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-018-0501-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bendul JC, Blunck H (2019) The design space of production planning and control for industry 4.0. Comput Ind 105:260–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2018.10.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Büttner, S., Mucha, H., Funk, M., Kosch, T., Aehnelt, M., Robert, S., & Röcker C (2017) The design space of augmented and virtual reality applications for assistive environments in manufacturing: a visual approach. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Pervasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments. 433–440

  • Cabrera ME, Wachs JP (2017) A human-centered approach to one-shot gesture learning. Front Robot AI. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2017.00008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cecil ., Albuhamood S, Cecil-Xavier A, Ramanathan P, (2017) An advanced cyber physical framework for micro devices assembly, special issue on "advanced CPS for industry 40 - enabling technologies, real-world implementations, and impact assessments", IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems. pp. 1–15

  • Cecil J, Kanchanapiboon A (2007) Virtual engineering approaches in product and process design. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 31(9):846–856. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-005-0267-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chung C, Peng Q (2003) The development of a web-centered VR-CAPP system. In: proceedings of the international conference on agile manufacturing (ICAM 2003), Beijing, China. pp 369–376

  • Cipresso P, Giglioli IAC, Raya MA, Riva G (2018) The past, present, and future of virtual and augmented reality research: a network and cluster analysis of the literature. Front Psychol 9:2086–2086. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02086

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper N, Milella F, Pinto C, Cant I, White M, Meyer G (2018) The effects of substitute multisensory feedback on task performance and the sense of presence in a virtual reality environment. PLoS ONE 13(2):e0191846. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191846

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Damiani L, Demartini M, Guizzi G, Revetria R, Tonelli F (2018) Augmented and virtual reality applications in industrial systems: A qualitative review towards the industry 4.0 era. IFAC-PapersOnLine 51(11):624–630

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elor A, Powell M, Mahmoodi E, Hawthorne N, Teodorescu M, Kurniawan S (2020) On shooting stars: comparing CAVE and HMD immersive virtual reality exergaming for adults with mixed ability. ACM Trans Comput Healthc 1(4):1–22. https://doi.org/10.1145/3396249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franzluebbers A, Johnsen K (2018) Performance benefits of high-fidelity passive haptic feedback in virtual reality training. In: proceedings of the Symposium on spatial user interaction. Association for computing machinery. pp 16–24. https://doi.org/10.1145/3267782.3267790

  • Ghafoorpoor Yazdi P, Azizi A, Hashemipour M (2018) An empirical investigation of the relationship between overall equipment efficiency (OEE) and manufacturing sustainability in industry 40 with time study approach. Sustainability 10(9):3031

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghafoorpoor Yazdi P, Azizi A, Hashemipour M (2019) A hybrid methodology for validation of optimization solutions effects on manufacturing sustainability with time study and simulation approach for SMEs. Sustainability (basel, Switzerland) 11(5):1454. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051454

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghobakhloo M (2018) The future of manufacturing industry: a strategic roadmap toward industry 40. J Manufact Technol Manag 29(6):910–936. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-02-2018-0057

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grieve RJ (1995) Computerised manufacturing process planning systems: Hong-Chao Zhang and Leo Alting. Chapman & Hall, London (1994) 336pp. Elsevier, ISBN 0 412 413000 0

  • Groover MP, Groover MP (2015) Automation, production systems, and computer-integrated manufacturing, 4th edn. Prentice Hall, Hoboken

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo Z, Zhou D, Zhou Q, Mei S, Zeng S, Yu D, Chen J (2020) A hybrid method for evaluation of maintainability towards a design process using virtual reality. Comput Ind Eng 140:106227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2019.106227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hart SG, Staveland LE (1988) Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of empirical and theoretical research. Advances in psychology. Elsevier, North-Holland, pp 139–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoogenes J (2018) Surgical education: development of curricula to optimize training and evaluate competency, [Doctoral dissertation, Manchester Metropolitan University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.

  • Jain S, Shao G, Shin SJ (2017) Manufacturing data analytics using a virtual factory representation. Int J Prod Res 55(18):5450–5464. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1321799

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jayaram S, Jayaram U, Wang Y, Tirumali H, Lyons K, Hart P (1999) VADE: a virtual assembly design environment. IEEE Comput Graphics Appl 19(6):44–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones A (2021) Use of virtual reality for hazard safety training to reduce high risk and significant safety incidents and increase training engagement. Springer Inter Publish. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72781-9_10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kern AC, Ellermeier W (2020) Audio in VR: Effects of a soundscape and movement-triggered step sounds on presence. Front Robot AI 7:20–20. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2020.00020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kesavadas T, Ernzer M (1999a) Design of virtual factory using cell formation methodologies. In: industrial virtual reality: manufacturing and design tool for the next millennium, proceedings of the asme symposium on virtual reality environment for manufacturing (pp. 14–19).

  • Kesavadas, T., & Ernzer, M. (1999b). Design of virtual factory using cell formation methodologies. In: industrial virtual reality: manufacturing and design tool for the next millennium, proceedings of the asme symposium on virtual reality environment for manufacturing. pp 14–19

  • Lindquist M, Maxim B, Proctor J, Dolins F (2020) The effect of audio fidelity and virtual reality on the perception of virtual greenspace. Landsc Urban Plan 202:103884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103884

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu H, Zhang Z, Xie X, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhu SC (2019) High-fidelity grasping in virtual reality using a glove-based system. In 2019 international conference on robotics and automation (ICRA; pp. 5180–5186). IEEE.

  • Loannidis C, Boutsi A (2020) Multithreaded rendering for cross-platform 3d visualization based on vulkan api. International archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences, XLIV-4-W1-2020, 57-62. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-4-W1-2020-57-2020

  • Malik AA, Masood T, Bilberg A (2020) Virtual reality in manufacturing: immersive and collaborative artificial-reality in design of human-robot workspace. Int J Comput Integr Manuf 33(1):22–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Massoth C, Röder H, Ohlenburg H, Hessler M, Zarbock A, Pöpping DM, Wenk M (2019) High-fidelity is not superior to low-fidelity simulation but leads to overconfidence in medical students. BMC Med Educ 19(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-019-1464-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menzies RJ, Rogers SJ, Phillips AM, Chiarovano E, De Waele C, Verstraten FA, MacDougall H (2016) An objective measure for the visual fidelity of virtual reality and the risks of falls in a virtual environment. Virtual Reality 20(3):173–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-016-0288-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mourtzis D (2020) Simulation in the design and operation of manufacturing systems: state of the art and new trends. Int J Prod Res 58(7):1927–1949. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.1636321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nåfors D, Johansson B (2021) Virtual engineering using realistic virtual models in brownfield factory layout planning. Sustainability 13(19):11102. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131911102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nunnally JC (1978) Psychometric theory, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York

  • Oyekan JO, Hutabarat W, Tiwari A, Grech R, Aung MH, Mariani MP, López-Dávalos L, Ricaud T, Singh S, Dupuis C (2019) The effectiveness of virtual environments in developing collaborative strategies between industrial robots and humans. Robot Comput-Integr Manuf 55:41–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pala P, Cavallo V, Dang NT, Granié M, Schneider S, Maruhn P, Bengler K (2021) Is the street-crossing behavior with a head-mounted display different from that behavior in a CAVE? A study among young adults and children. Transportation research. Part f, Traffic Psychology Behaviour 82:15–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2021.07.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paritala PK, Manchikatla S, Yarlagadda PKDV (2017) Digital manufacturing- Applications past, current, and future trends. Procedia Eng 174:982–991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez L, Diez E, Usamentiaga R, García DF (2019) Industrial robot control and operator training using virtual reality interfaces. Comput Ind 109:114–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2019.05.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Project management institute. (2017). A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK guide) (6th ed.). In: project management institute.

  • Ragan ED, Bowman DA, Kopper R, Stinson C, Scerbo S, McMahan RP (2015) Effects of field of view and visual complexity on virtual reality training effectiveness for a visual scanning task. IEEE Trans Visual Comput Graph 21(7):794–807. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2015.2403312

  • Rosa E, Dahlstrom N, Knez I, Ljung R, Cameron M, Willander J (2021) Dynamic decision-making of airline pilots in low-fidelity simulation. Theor Issues Ergon Sci 22(1):83–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2020.1758830

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schubert T, Friedmann F, Regenbrecht H (2001) The experience of presence: factor analytic insights. Presence: Teleoperators Virtual Environ 10(3):266–281. https://doi.org/10.1162/105474601300343603

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slater M (2009) Place illusion and plausibility can lead to realistic behaviour in immersive virtual environments. Philos Trans Royal Socb: Biolog Sci 364(1535):3549–3557

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slater M, Sanchez-Vives MV (2016) Enhancing our lives with immersive virtual reality. Front Robot AI 3:74. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2016.00074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slater M, Spanlang B, Corominas D (2010) Simulating virtual environments within virtual environments as the basis for a psychophysics of presence. ACM Trans Graph (TOG) 29(4):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1145/1778765.1778829

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith RP, Heim JA (1999) Virtual facility layout design: The value of an interactive three-dimensional representation. Int J Prod Res 37(17):3941–3957

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Söderberg R, Wärmefjord K, Carlson JS, Lindkvist L (2017) Toward a digital twin for real-time geometry assurance in individualized production. CIRP Ann Manuf Technol 66(1):137–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasan H, Figueroa R, Gadh R (1999) Selective disassembly for virtual prototyping as applied to de-manufacturing. Robot Comput-Integr Manuf 15(3):231–245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS (1996) Using multivariate statistics. Harper Collins, Northridge, CA

  • Tao F, Sui F, Liu A, Qi Q, Zhang M, Song B, Guo Z, Lu SC, Nee AY (2019) Digital twin-driven product design framework. Int J Prod Res 57(12):3935–3953. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1443229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, F., Jayaram, S., Jayaram, U., & Mitsui, T. (2000, September). Functionality to facilitate assembly of heavy machines in a virtual environment. In International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 35111, pp 737–745

  • Tseng MM, Jiao J, Su CJ (1998) Virtual prototyping for customized product development. Integr Manuf Syst 6(6):334–343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Usoh M, Catena E, Arman S, Slater M (2000) Using presence questionnaires in reality. Presence 9(5):497–503. https://doi.org/10.1162/105474600566989

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volonte M, Anaraky RG, Venkatakrishnan R, Venkatakrishnan R, Knijnenburg BP, Duchowski AT, Babu SV (2021) Empirical evaluation and pathway modeling of visual attention to virtual humans in an appearance fidelity continuum. J Multimodal User Interfaces 15(2):109–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12193-020-00341-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witmer BG, Singer MJ (1998) Measuring presence in virtual environments: a presence questionnaire. Presence 7(3):225–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zizza C, Starr A, Hudson D, Nuguri SS, Calyam P, He Z (2018) Towards a social virtual reality learning environment in high fidelity. In: 2018 15th IEEE annual consumer communications & networking conference. IEEE. CCNC. pp. 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCNC.2018.8319187

  • Zotter F, Frank M (2019) Auditory events of multi-loudspeaker playback. Ambisonics. Springer, New Jersey, pp 23–40

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work was funded by Eastern Michigan University.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Engineering and Technology, Eastern Michigan University (EMU), Ypsilanti, USA

    Hamza A. Al-Jundi & Emad Y. Tanbour

Authors
  1. Hamza A. Al-Jundi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Emad Y. Tanbour
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hamza A. Al-Jundi.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflict of interest that exists in this work.

Consent of publications

We declare that the work described in this paper has not been published before and it is not under consideration for publication anywhere else. Also, the work in this publication has been approved by all co-authors and the responsible authorities at Eastern Michigan University.

Ethics approvals

This study was approved by the institutional review board (IRB) at the Eastern Michigan University human subject review committee (UHSRC-FY20-21–191).

Intellectual property

We confirm that we have given due consideration to the protection of intellectual property associated with this work and that there are no impediments to publication, including the timing of publication, with respect to intellectual property. In so doing, we confirm that we have followed the regulations of our institutions concerning intellectual property.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Al-Jundi, H.A., Tanbour, E.Y. Design and evaluation of a high− fidelity virtual reality manufacturing planning system. Virtual Reality 27, 677–697 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-022-00683-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-022-00683-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation