Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ausbildung von Schülern zu Ersthelfern bei der Reanimation

Education of schoolchildren on first aid during resuscitation

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Notfall + Rettungsmedizin Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Die Ersthelferreanimationsquoten in Deutschland liegen deutlich unter den Möglichkeiten. Eines der zugrunde liegenden Probleme könnte die zu späte Unterweisung im Verlauf der Lernkarriere sein.

Ziel der Arbeit

In diesem Beitrag werden theoriegeleitete Argumente diskutiert, die einen Beginn der Reanimationsausbildung bereits in der Schulzeit unterstützen. Außerdem wird beleuchtet, welche Strategien dazu bisher in Deutschland verfolgt werden.

Material und Methoden

Diskussion auf der Basis von verfügbarer Literatur.

Ergebnisse

Eine frühzeitige systematische und sequenziell aufbauende Schulung von spezifischen, evidenzbasierten Maßnahmen zur Reanimation könnte eine Möglichkeit zur Verbesserung der Reanimationsergebnisse sein. Allerdings finden sich derzeit in Deutschland nur punktuelle, wenn auch sehr engagierte Aktivitäten, die selten nachhaltig angelegt sind. Darüber hinaus sind die Inhalte heterogen und eine Qualitätskontrolle ist beinahe unmöglich.

Schlussfolgerung

Eine nationale Initiative zur flächendeckenden, verpflichtenden Einführung von Reanimationstrainings im Verlauf der schulischen Ausbildung ist aus gesellschaftlicher Sicht unbedingt zu fordern. Diese Initiative sollte konzertiert auf möglichst breiter Basis der Interessensgruppen verfolgt werden.

Abstract

Background

Bystander resuscitation rates in Germany are far lower than they could be. One of the potential reasons may be the fact that training in this field is initiated at a time point too late in the lifelong learning schedule.

Aims

The aim of this article is to give an overview of theory-driven considerations to support the implementation of resuscitation training programs in primary and secondary school learning. In addition, strategies are described which are already applied in this context in Germany.

Material and methods

A discussion on available relevant literature formed the basis for this article.

Results

Sequentially structured programs with an early start during the school career are recommended. They should only include essential evidence-based measures of resuscitation. In Germany at present only few, even if inspiring, initiatives are implemented and structures used are frequently not sustainable. Programs are heterogeneous and quality control is nearly impossible.

Conclusion

A national initiative is highly recommended to implement a nationwide compulsory resuscitation training program during school education. This initiative should be based on the broadest possible consensus of stakeholders.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Abb. 1
Abb. 2

Literatur

  1. Bång A, Herlitz J, Martinell S (2003) Interaction between emergency medical dispatcher and caller in suspected out-of-hospital cardiac arrest calls with focus on agonal breathing. A review of 100 tape recordings of true cardiac arrest cases. Resuscitation 56:25–34

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bohm K, Vaillancourt C, Charette ML et al (2011) In patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, does the provision of dispatch cardiopulmonary resuscitation instructions as opposed to no instructions improve outcome: a systematic review of the literature. Resuscitation 82:1490–1495

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Bohn A, Van Aken HK, Möllhoff T et al (2012) Teaching resuscitation in schools: annual tuition by trained teachers is effective starting at age 10. A four-year prospective cohort study. Resuscitation 83:619–625

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Breckwoldt J, Beetz D, Schnitzer L et al (2007) Medical students teaching basic life support to school children as a required element of medical education: a randomised controlled study comparing three different approaches to fifth year medical training in emergency medicine. Resuscitation 74:158–165

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Breckwoldt J (2009) Reanimationsunterricht in Schulen – Ein Weg zur Verbesserung der Reanimationsergebnisse? Notfall Rettungsmed 12:347–353

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Breckwoldt J, Schloesser SM, Arntz HR (2009) Perceptions of collapse and assessment of cardiac arrest by bystanders of out-of hospital cardiac arrest (OOHCA). Resuscitation 80(10):1108–1113

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Burghofer K, Schlechtriemen T, Lackner CK (2005) Konsequenzen aus der Altruismusforschung für die Ausbildung in Erster Hilfe. Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 8:408–411

    Google Scholar 

  8. Cave DM, Aufderheide TP, Beeson J et al (2011) Importance and implementation of training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillation in schools: a science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation 123:691–706

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Chamberlain DA, Hazinski MF (2003) Education in Resuscitation – ILCOR advisory statement. Resuscitation 59:11–43

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Colquhoun M (2012) Learning CPR at school – Everyone should do it (Editorial). Resuscitation 83:543–544

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Fabry G (2008) Medizindidaktik – Ein Handbuch für die Praxis, 1. Aufl. Huber, Bern

  12. Frey D, Mandl H, Rosenstiel L von (2006) Knowledge and action. Hogrefe, Göttingen

  13. Gräsner JT, Meybohm P, Lefering R et al (2011) ROSC after cardiac arrest – the RACA score to predict outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Eur Heart J 32:1649–1656

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Gräsner JT, Wnent J, Gräsner I et al (2012) Einfluss der Basisreanimationsmaßnahmen durch Laien auf das Überleben nach plötzlichem Herztod. Notfall Rettungsmed 15:593–599

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Gundry JW, Comess KA, DeRook FA et al (1999) Comparison of naive sixth-grade children with trained professionals in the use of an automated external defibrillator. Circulation 100(16):1703–1707

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hauff SR, Rea TD, Culley LL, Kerry F, Becker L, Eisenberg MS (2003) Factors impeding dispatcher-assisted telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med 42:731–737

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Helmke A (2007) Unterrichtsqualität – erfassen, bewerten, verbessern, 5. Aufl. Seelze Kallmeyer/Klett, Stuttgart

  18. Herlitz J, Engdahl J, Svensson L et al (2005) Factors associated with an increased chance of survival among patients suffering from an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in a national perspective in Sweden. Am Heart J 149:61–66

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hill K, Mohan C, Stevenson M, McCluskey D (2009) Objective assessment of CPR skills of 10–11-year-old schoolchildren using two different external compression to ventilation ratios. Resuscitation 80:96–99

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Hollenberg J, Herlitz J, Lindqvist J (2008) Improved survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is associated with an increase in proportion of emergency crew-witnessed cases and bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 118:389–396

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Isbye DL, Meyhoff CS, Lipert FK, Rasmussen LS (2007) Skill retention in adults and in children 3 months after BLS training using a simple personal resuscitation manikin. Resuscitation 74:396–402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Jones I, Whitfield R, Colquhoun M et al (2007) At what age can school children provide effective chest compressions? An observational study from the Heartstart UK schools training programme. BMJ 334:1201–1203

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kleikamp B, Breckwoldt J (2010) Resuscitation training in schools: the dilemma of the recovery position. Resuscitation 81S:S99 (Abstract)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Koster RW, Baubin MA, Bossaert LL et al (2010) Basismaßnahmen zur Wiederbelebung Erwachsener und Verwendung automatisierter externer Defibrillatoren. Sektion 2 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation des European Resuscitation Council. Notfall Rettungsmed 13:523–542

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Lackner CK, Kanz KG, Rothenberger S et al (2001) Anwenderperformanz von Laien und Ersthelfern. Notfall Rettungsmed 4:572–584

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Lester CA, Donnelly P, Weston CF, Morgan M (1996) Teaching school children CPR. Resuscitation 31:33–38

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Lubrano R, Romero S, Scoppi P et al (2005) How to become an under 11 rescuer: a practical method to teach first aid to primary schoolchildren. Resuscitation 64:303–307

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Lorem T, Palm A, Wik L (2008) Impact of a self-instruction CPR kit on 7th graders‘ and adults‘ skills and CPR performance. Resuscitation 79:103–108

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Lorem T, Steen PA, Wik L (2010) High school students as ambassadors of CPR – a model for reaching the most appropriate target population? Resuscitation 81:78–81

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Meyer H (2007) Was ist guter Unterricht? (What is good Teaching?). 4. Aufl. Cornelsen, Berlin

  31. Mueller A, Comploi M, Hoetzel J et al (2010) Teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation at school – results of a national program based on video-assisted CPR-training for school children in South Tyrol. Resuscitation 81S:S100 (Abstract)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Nolan JP, Soar J, Zideman DA et al (2010) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010. Kurzdarstellung. Sektion 1 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation. Notfall Rettungsmed 13:515–522

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Plant N, Taylor K (2013) How best to teach CPR to schoolchildren: a systematic review. Resuscitation 84:415–421. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.12.008 (Epub 2012 Dec 11)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Reder S, Cummings P, Quan L (2006) Comparison of three instructional methods for teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation and use of an automatic external defibrillator to high school students. Resuscitation 69:443–453

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Reinier K, Thomas E, Andrusiek DL et al (2011) Resuscitation outcomes consortium investigators. Socioeconomic status and incidence of sudden cardiac arrest. CMAJ 183(15):1705–1712

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Siebers C, Kreimeier U, Keller A, Hötzel J (2010) Quality of chest compressions performed by children in adult cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 81S:S100 (Abstract)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Teague G, Riley RH (2006) Online resuscitation training. Does it improve high school students‘ ability to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a simulated environment? Resuscitation 71:352–357

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Toner P, Connolly M, Laverty L et al (2007) Teaching basic life support to school children using medical students and teachers in a „peer-training“ model – results of the „ABC for life“ programme. Resuscitation 75:169–175

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Uray T, Lunzer A, Ochsenhofer A et al (2003) Feasibility of life-supporting first aid training as a mandatory subject in primary schools. Resuscitation 59(2):211–220

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Van Kerschaver E, Delooz HH, Moens GF (1989) The effectiveness of repeated CPR training in a school population. Resuscitation 17:211–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Waalewijn RA, Tijssen JGP, Koster RW (2001) Bystander initiated actions in out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: results from the Amsterdam Resuscitation Study (ARREST). Resuscitation 50:273–279

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Compliance with Ethics Guidelines

 

Conflict of interest

J. Breckwoldt is spokesmen of the German Resuscitation Council (GRC) e. V., group „school projects“.

U. Kreimeier is a member of the German Resuscitation Council (GRC) e. V. and the General Assembly of the European Resuscitation Council (ERC).

 

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medizinische Fakultät , Universität Zürich, Pestalozzistraße 3/5, 8091, Zürich, Schweiz

    J. Breckwoldt MME

  2. Klinik für Anaesthesiologie, Klinikum der Universität München, München, Deutschland

    U. Kreimeier

Authors
  1. J. Breckwoldt MME
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. U. Kreimeier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. Breckwoldt MME.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Breckwoldt, J., Kreimeier, U. Ausbildung von Schülern zu Ersthelfern bei der Reanimation. Notfall Rettungsmed 16, 356–360 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10049-012-1669-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10049-012-1669-3

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Search

Navigation