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Der akute schwere Asthmaanfall

The acute severe asthma attack

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Zusammenfassung

Eine der häufigsten Alarmierungsgründe in der Notfallmedizin ist die akute Dyspnoe, die oft durch akute Asthmaanfälle hervorgerufen wird. Differenzialdiagnostisch müssen kardiale Ursachen und die Exazerbation einer COPD sowie speziell im Kindesalter die Fremdkörperaspiration abgegrenzt werden. Schwere lebensbedrohliche und selten tödliche Asthmaanfälle entwickeln sich meist durch eine Unterschätzung des Anfalls. Hauptziel der Therapie ist die Aufrechterhaltung der Oxygenierung durch Gabe von Sauerstoff, β2-Sympathomimetika, Kortison und Parasympatholytika. Die zusätzliche Gabe von Theophyllin zeigt keinen weiteren bronchodilatatorischen Effekt, sondern verstärkt Nebenwirkungen. Wenn durch Medikamentengabe keine Stabilisierung möglich ist, muss die endotracheale Intubation und Beatmung unter Inkaufnahme deutlicher Nebenwirkungen kritisch erwogen werden. Allerdings ist in den weitaus meisten Fällen eine deutliche Besserung innerhalb von 24 h zu erreichen; so sollten Todesfälle grundsätzlich vermeidbar sein.

Abstract

Acute dypnoea due to an acute asthma attack is a frequent cause of emergency treatment. Alternative diagnosis can be acute left heart failure with pulmonary edema, lung emboli, acute exacerbations of COPD and foreign body aspiration. Fatal asthma attacks are rare compared to the number of asthma attacks treated and due to underestimation of the severity of the attack. Cornerstones of acute treatment are oxygen, β2-adrenergic agonists, systemic corticosteroids and parasymaptholytics. The addition of theophylline has not been shown to add any bronchodilatory but more side effects. Additional pharmacological options are magnesium, volatile anesthetics, lidocaine, ketamine, and propofol. Depending on the clinical development mechanical ventilation might be necessary. However, endotracheal intubation per se might cause an increase in bronchoconstriction with side effects like overdistension, compression atelectasis, pneumothoraces, and hemodynamic depression. Overall, with intensive pharmacological treatment severe asthma attacks can be significantly improved within 24 hours. Thus, fatal asthma attacks seem to be avoidable with early and intensive treatment.

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Correspondence to H. Groeben.

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Groeben, H. Der akute schwere Asthmaanfall. Notfall & Rettungsmedizin 8, 67–77 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10049-004-0707-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10049-004-0707-1

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