Abstract
In most water balance studies, basins are considered closed systems; however, interbasin groundwater flow (IGF), which is an unaccounted hydrological component in most studies, could occur at basin boundaries where there is a hydraulic gradient and appropriate permeability of the geologic formations. IGF is a complex hydrogeological process and hidden from direct observation, thus identifying and characterizing it is difficult. This study investigated IGF in the case of the contact between the Tana and Beles basins, located at the northwestern margin of the Ethiopian Highlands, using a multimethod approach: (1) morphotectonic analysis; (2) lithostratigraphy and geological structure analysis; (3) regional groundwater potentiometric-surface map; (4) presence of large-volume springs; (5) hydrochemistry and isotope tracing; and (6) water budget imbalances. Primary data (geological investigation, water point inventory, and water sampling), satellite images and gravity data, and other secondary data, were collected and analyzed. The results illustrate the extension of the fractured basaltic aquifer, high topographic contrast, and high lineament density along the boundary between the Tana and Beles basins. The connection of the hydro-stratigraphic units, fracture distribution and orientation, high hydraulic gradient, spatial distribution of high-flux springs, and water budget imbalance of Tana Basin revealed that there is IGF from Tana Basin to Beles Basin, despite poor indications from results for hydrochemistry and stable isotopes. These findings will have practical implications for groundwater and water balance studies of the two basins. The study demonstrates the importance of a multimethod approach to investigate IGF where a single approach is imprecise.
Résumé
Dans la plupart des études de bilan d’eau, les bassins sont considérés comme un système fermé. Toutefois, l’écoulement des eaux souterraines entre bassins (IGF), qui est une composante hydrologique non prise en compte dans la plupart des études, pourrait se produire aux limites des bassins où il y a un gradient hydraulique et une perméabilité appropriée des formations géologiques. L’IGF est un processus hydrogéologique complexe et caché à l’observation directe, ainsi son identification et sa caractérisation sont difficiles. Cette étude examine l’IGF dans le cas des relations entre les bassins de Tana et de Beles, localisés sur la marge nord-ouest des hauts plateaux éthiopiens, par une approche multiple: (1) analyse morphotectonique, (2) lithostratigraphie et analyse des structures géologiques, (3) carte de surfaces piézométriques des eaux souterraines, (4) présence des sources de grand débit, (5) hydrochimie et traçages isotopiques et (6) déséquilibre du bilan en eau. Les données primaires (investigations géologiques, inventaire des points d’eau et échantillonnage d’eau), les images satellites et autres données secondaires sont collectées et analysées. Les résultats montrent l’extension de l’aquifère basaltique fracturé, les forts contrastes topographiques, et une forte densité de linéaments le long de la frontière entre les bassins de Tana et Beles. La connexion des unités hydro-stratigraphiques, la distribution et orientation des fractures, les forts gradients hydrauliques, la distribution spatiale des sources de forts débits et les déficits du bilan en eau du bassin de Tana démontre l’IGF du bassin de Tana vers le bassin de Beles, en dépit des indications insuffisantes fournies par les résultats de l’hydrochimie et des isotopes stables. Ces résultats auront des implications pratiques pour les études sur les eaux souterraines et de bilan hydrique de ces deux bassins. Cette étude démontre l’importance d’une approche multiméthodes pour étudier l’IGF alors qu’une approche unique est imprécise.
Resumen
Las cuencas se consideran sistemas cerrados en la mayoría de los estudios de balance hídrico. Sin embargo, el flujo de aguas subterráneas entre cuencas (IGF), que es un componente hidrológico no contabilizado en la mayoría de los estudios, podría producirse en los límites de las cuencas donde existe un gradiente hidráulico y una permeabilidad adecuada de las formaciones geológicas. El IGF es un proceso hidrogeológico complejo y oculto a la observación directa, por lo que es difícil identificarlo y caracterizarlo. En este estudio se investigó el IGF en el caso del contacto entre las cuencas del Tana y del Beles, situado en el margen noroccidental de las tierras altas etíopes, utilizando un enfoque multimétodo: (1) análisis morfotectónico; (2) litoestratigrafía y análisis de la estructura geológica; (3) mapa potenciométrico-superficial de las aguas subterráneas regionales; (4) presencia de manantiales de gran volumen; (5) hidroquímica y trazado isotópico; y (6) desequilibrios del balance hídrico. Se recopilaron y analizaron datos primarios (investigación geológica, inventario de puntos de agua y muestreo de agua), imágenes de satélite y datos gravimétricos, así como otros datos secundarios. Los resultados ilustran la extensión del acuífero basáltico fracturado, el elevado contraste topográfico y la alta densidad de lineamientos a lo largo del límite entre las cuencas del Tana y del Beles. La conexión de las unidades hidroestratigráficas, la distribución y orientación de las fracturas, el elevado gradiente hidráulico, la distribución espacial de los manantiales de alto flujo y el desequilibrio del balance hídrico de la cuenca de Tana revelaron que existe un IGF de la cuenca de Tana a la de Beles, a pesar de las escasas indicaciones de los resultados de la hidroquímica y los isótopos estables. Estos resultados tendrán consecuencias prácticas para los estudios de las aguas subterráneas y del balance hídrico de las dos cuencas. El estudio demuestra la importancia de un enfoque multimétodo para investigar el IGF cuando un único enfoque es impreciso.
摘要
在大多数水平衡研究中, 通常认为流域是一个封闭系统。然而,多数研究中的跨流域地下水流 (IGF) 是一个未知的水文成分, 它可能发生在存在水力梯度和适当地层渗透性的流域边界。IGF是一个复杂的水文地质过程, 且无法直接观测, 因此其识别和表征较为困难。本研究以位于埃塞俄比亚高原西北部边缘的塔纳和贝莱斯盆地之间的接触带为例, 采用多种方法研究IGF: (1) 地貌构造分析; (2) 岩石地层及地质构造分析; (3) 区域地下水等势面图; (4) 大型温泉的存在; (5) 水化学和同位素示踪; (6) 水资源收支失衡。对原始数据 (地质调查、水样点调查、水样采集)卫星影像和重力数据等辅助数据进行了收集和分析。结果显示了沿塔纳和贝莱斯盆地边界断裂玄武岩含水层的延伸、高地形对比和高线性构造密度。尽管水化学和稳定同位素的结果不能很好地指示IGF, 塔纳盆地的水文地层单元、断层的分布和方位、高的水力梯度、高通量泉的空间分布和水收支不平衡之间的联系均指示了塔纳盆地到贝莱斯盆地存在IGF, 这些发现将对两个流域的地下水和水平衡研究具有实际意义。本研究表明, 在单一方法不精确的情况下, 采用多种方法研究IGF的重要性。
Resumo
Na maioria dos estudos de balanço hídrico, as bacias são consideras sistemas fechados. No entanto, o fluxo interbacias das águas subterrâneas (FIAS), que é um componente hidrológico não contabilizado na maioria dos estudos, pode ocorrer nos limites da bacia onde há um gradiente hidráulico e permeabilidade apropriada das formações geológicas. FIAS é um processo hidrogeológico complexo e oculto a observação direta, sendo difícil identificá-lo e caracterizá-lo. Este estudo investigou o FIAS no caso do contato entre as bacias Tana e Beles, localizadas na margem noroeste das Terras Altas da Etiópia, usando uma abordagem multimétodo: (1) análise morfotectônica; (2) litoestratigrafia e analise de estruturas geológicas, (3) mapa potenciômetrico superficial regional das aguas subterrâneas; (4) presença de nascente de grande volume; (5) hidroquímica e traçador isotópico; e (6) desequilíbrios no balanço hídrico. Dados primários (investigação geológica, inventário de pontos de água e amostragem de água), imagens de satélite e dados de gravidade e outros dados secundários foram coletados e analisados. Os resultados ilustram a extensão do aquífero basáltico fraturado, alto contraste topográfico e alta densidade de lineamento ao longo da fronteira entre as bacias de Tana e Beles. A conexão das unidades hidroestratigráficas, distribuição e orientação da fratura, alto gradiente hidráulico, distribuição espacial das nascentes de alto fluxo, e desequilíbrio do balanço hídrico da Bacia do Tana revelaram que há FIAS da Bacia do Tana para a Bacia do Beles, apesar das fracas indicações dos resultados para hidroquímica e isótopos estáveis. Estas descobertas terão implicações práticas para estudos de água subterrânea e balanço hídrico das duas bacias. O estudo demonstra a importância de uma abordagem multimétodo para investigar o FIAS onde uma única abordagem é imprecisa.
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We would like also to extend our thanks to Ethiopian Electric Power for providing the core log data and local people and drivers for support during data collection.
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The authors gratefully acknowledge the Flemish Interuniversity Council for University Development Cooperation (VLIR-UOS) funding of this PhD research in Ethiopia.
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Belay, A.S., Yenehun, A., Nigate, F. et al. Investigation of interbasin groundwater flow using multiple approaches: the case of the Tana and Beles basins, Ethiopia. Hydrogeol J 31, 2251–2270 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-023-02724-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-023-02724-4