Abstract
Significant urbanization and industrialization, combined with strong population growth, have been witnessed in the Arabian Peninsula (Oman, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Yemen). This has placed tremendous pressure on authorities to meet rising demands for water in urban areas that have minimal water supplies available. This study deals with groundwater sustainability in the arid Arabian Peninsula in terms of quality, which has deteriorated due to overpumping, resulting in seawater intrusion. Relevant literature is reviewed specifically in connection with groundwater quality measurements or numerical modeling. Most of the studies reviewed here have confirmed the alarming pace of the decline of water tables and increasing seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifers of all the countries in the Arabian Peninsula. This has resulted in more dependency on desalination, increased cost of farming, increased poverty, and abandonment of vast areas of precious agricultural land, leading to population migration from the affected regions. If appropriately supported with the existing data on observed hydraulic head, pumping rates, hydrogeological parameters, boundary conditions, and so on, the numerical model is an accurate and cost-effective instrument for simulating and predicting the head and quality of groundwater in coastal aquifers. Due to lack of the relevant data required for a thorough model run, there are few numerical modeling studies to assess the groundwater quality in all these countries. This study summarizes important aquifer parameters in the region to help researchers and practicing engineers in the modeling of groundwater quality and quantity in the Arabian Peninsula.
Résumé
La péninsule arabique (Oman, Émirats arabes unis, Arabie Saoudite, Qatar, Bahreïn, Koweït et Yémen) a connu une urbanisation et une industrialisation importantes, associées à une forte croissance démographique. Cette situation a exercé une pression considérable sur les autorités pour qu’elles répondent à la demande croissante d’eau dans les zones urbaines où les réserves d’eau disponibles pour l’alimentation en eau potable sont minimes. Cette étude traite de la durabilité des eaux souterraines dans la péninsule arabique aride en termes de qualité, qui s’est détériorée en raison de pompages excessifs, entraînant l’intrusion de l’eau de mer. La littérature pertinente est passée en revue, notamment en ce qui concerne les mesures de la qualité des eaux souterraines ou la modélisation numérique. La plupart des études examinées ici ont confirmé le rythme alarmant du déclin des nappes phréatiques et de l’intrusion croissante de l’eau de mer dans les aquifères côtiers de tous les pays de la péninsule arabique. Il en résulte une dépendance accrue à l’égard du dessalement, une augmentation du coût de l’agriculture, une aggravation de la pauvreté et l’abandon de vastes zones de terres agricoles précieuses, ce qui entraîne une migration de la population des régions touchées. S’il est correctement étayé par les données existantes sur la charge hydraulique observée, les taux de pompage, les paramètres hydrogéologiques, les conditions limites, etc., le modèle numérique est un instrument précis et rentable pour simuler et prédire la charge et la qualité des eaux souterraines dans les aquifères côtiers. En raison du manque de données pertinentes nécessaires à l’exécution d’un modèle complet, il existe peu d’études de modélisation numérique pour évaluer la qualité des eaux souterraines dans tous ces pays. Cette étude résume les paramètres aquifères importants dans la région afin d’aider les chercheurs et les ingénieurs praticiens à modéliser la qualité et la quantité des eaux souterraines dans la péninsule arabique.
Resumen
En la Península Arábiga (Omán, Emiratos Árabes Unidos, Arabia Saudí, Qatar, Bahréin, Kuwait y Yemen) se han producido importantes procesos de urbanización e industrialización, combinados con un fuerte crecimiento demográfico. Esto ha ejercido una enorme presión sobre las autoridades para satisfacer la creciente demanda de agua en zonas urbanas que disponen de un suministro mínimo. Este estudio aborda la sostenibilidad de las aguas subterráneas en la árida Península Arábiga en términos de calidad, que se ha deteriorado debido al bombeo excesivo, lo que ha provocado la intrusión de agua marina. La bibliografía pertinente se revisa específicamente en relación con las mediciones de la calidad de las aguas subterráneas o el modelado numérico. La mayoría de los estudios analizados confirman el alarmante ritmo de descenso de las capas freáticas y la creciente intrusión de agua marina en los acuíferos costeros de todos los países de la península arábiga. El resultado ha sido una mayor dependencia de la desalinización, un aumento del coste de la agricultura, un incremento de la pobreza y el abandono de vastas zonas de valiosas tierras agrícolas, lo que ha provocado la emigración de la población de las regiones afectadas. Si se apoya adecuadamente con los datos existentes sobre la altura hidráulica observada, las tasas de bombeo, los parámetros hidrogeológicos, las condiciones de contorno, etc., el modelo numérico es un instrumento preciso y rentable para simular y predecir la altura y la calidad del agua subterránea en acuíferos costeros. Debido a la falta de los datos pertinentes necesarios para una ejecución minuciosa del modelo, existen escasos estudios de modelado numérico para evaluar la calidad de las aguas subterráneas en todos estos países. Este estudio resume importantes parámetros de los acuíferos de la región para ayudar a los investigadores e ingenieros en ejercicio a modelizar la calidad y cantidad de las aguas subterráneas en la Península Arábiga.
摘要
阿拉伯半岛(阿曼、阿拉伯联合酋长国、沙特阿拉伯、卡塔尔、巴林、科威特和也门)经历了显著的城市化和工业化以及人口快速增长。这给当局带来了巨大压力,因为城市地区的可利用的供水量很小,需求却不断增长。本研究针对干旱的阿拉伯半岛地区的地下水可持续性,特别是水质的问题进行了探讨。由于过度开采,地下水质量恶化,导致海水入侵。文献评述了具体涉及地下水质量的评价或数值模拟。在此回顾的大部分研究中,都确认了阿拉伯半岛所有国家沿海含水层的地下水位急剧下降和海水入侵的加剧的令人担忧的速度。这导致更多依赖海水淡化、农业成本上升、贫困加剧和大量宝贵的农业土地被废弃,从而导致受影响地区的人口迁移。如果适当支持现有的观测水头、开采量、水文地质参数、边界条件等数据,数值模型是模拟和预测沿海含水层地下水水头和水质的准确和经济有效的工具。由于缺乏所需的相关数据进行全面模拟,目前在所有这些国家评估地下水质量的数值模拟研究较少。本研究总结了该地区重要的含水层参数,以帮助研究人员和管理工程师模拟阿拉伯半岛地区地下水质量和数量。
Resumo
Urbanização e industrialização significativas, combinadas com forte crescimento populacional, foram testemunhadas na Península Arábica (Omã, Emirados Árabes Unidos, Arábia Saudita, Catar, Bahrein, Kuwait e Iêmen). Isso colocou uma enorme pressão sobre as autoridades para atender à crescente demanda por água em áreas urbanas que têm um suprimento mínimo de água disponível. Este estudo trata da sustentabilidade das águas subterrâneas na árida Península Arábica em termos de qualidade, que se deteriorou devido ao bombeamento excessivo, resultando na intrusão da água do mar. A literatura relevante é revisada especificamente em conexão com medições de qualidade de águas subterrâneas ou modelagem numérica. A maioria dos estudos revisados aqui confirmou o ritmo alarmante do declínio dos lençóis freáticos e o aumento da intrusão de água do mar nos aquíferos costeiros de todos os países da Península Arábica. Isso resultou em maior dependência da dessalinização, aumento do custo da agricultura, aumento da pobreza e abandono de vastas áreas de preciosas terras agrícolas, levando à migração da população das regiões afetadas. Se devidamente apoiado com os dados existentes sobre carga hidráulica observada, taxas de bombeamento, parâmetros hidrogeológicos, condições de contorno e assim por diante, o modelo numérico é um instrumento preciso e econômico para simular e prever a carga e a qualidade das águas subterrâneas em aquíferos costeiros. Devido à falta de dados relevantes necessários para uma execução completa do modelo, existem poucos estudos de modelagem numérica para avaliar a qualidade das águas subterrâneas em todos esses países. Este estudo resume importantes parâmetros de aquíferos na região para ajudar pesquisadores e engenheiros na modelagem da qualidade e quantidade das águas subterrâneas na Península Arábica.
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Akhtar, J., Sana, A. & Tauseef, S.M. Review: Assessment and modeling of seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers of the Arabian Peninsula. Hydrogeol J 31, 1121–1145 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-023-02655-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-023-02655-0