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Ambiguity in the altitude effect of precipitation isotopes for estimating groundwater recharge elevation and paleoelevation reconstruction in the leeward side of a mountain

Ambiguïté de l’effet d’altitude des isotopes des précipitations pour l’estimation de l’altitude de recharge des eaux souterraines et la reconstruction de la paléo-altitude du versant sous le vent d’une montagne

Ambigüedad del efecto altitud en los isótopos de precipitación para la estimación de la elevación de recarga de aguas subterráneas y la reconstrucción de la paleosuperficie en la vertiente a sotavento de una zona montañosa

背风坡降水同位素高程效应的不确定性对于估算地下水补给高程和古高程重建的影响

Ambiguidade do efeito da altitude sob os isótopos da precipitação para estimar a elevação da recarga da água subterrânea e a reconstrução da paleoelevação no lado sotavento de uma montanha

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Abstract

The altitude effect of isotopes in precipitation is not as significant on the leeward side of a mountain as it is on the windward side, which makes it difficult to use isotopes at leeward sites, especially if estimating elevation of groundwater recharge or reconstructing paleoelevations. Samples of precipitation were taken at three stations with different elevations—2,306–3,243 m above mean sea level (asl)—on the leeward side of the Meili Snow Mountains on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau from August 2017 to July 2018. The isotope vs. altitude gradients were calculated based on two adjacent stations at the daily, monthly, and annual scales. Most of the gradients are beyond the global ranges of –0.5 to –0.1‰ per 100 m for δ18O and –5 to –1‰ per 100 m for δ2H, and some of the gradients are even positive. Local processes of sub-cloud evaporation and mixing with recycled moisture are identified for the ambiguous altitude effect, while regional atmospheric circulation processes dominate the major patterns of stable isotope variation at the three stations. The groundwater recharge elevation is estimated to be in a very large range, 2,562–6,321 m asl, which could be caused by the differences in isotope vs. altitude gradient in the studied catchments. Considering the complex atmospheric processes affecting precipitation isotopes, sampling of event-based/monthly precipitation at more than two altitudes for at least one complete hydrological year is a minimum requirement to establish a reasonable isotope vs. altitude gradient.

Résumé

L’effet altitudinal affectant les isotopes des précipitations n’est pas aussi significatif du côté sous le vent d’une montagne que du côté au vent, ce qui rend difficile l’utilisation des isotopes dans les sites situés sous le vent, en particulier pour estimer l’altitude de la recharge des eaux souterraines ou pour reconstituer les paléo-altitudes. Des échantillons de pluie ont été prélevés dans trois stations à différentes altitudes—de 2,306 à 3,243 m au-dessus du niveau moyen de la mer (asl)—sur le côté sous le vent des Monts du Meili Snow dans le sud-est du plateau tibétain, d’août 2017 à juillet 2018. Les gradients isotopiques ont été calculés sur la base de deux stations adjacentes, aux échelles journalière, mensuelle et annuelle. La plupart des gradients se situent au-delà des fourchettes classiques de –0.5 à –0.1‰ par 100 m pour le δ18O et de –5 à –1‰ par 100 m pour le δ2H; certains gradients sont même positifs. Les processus locaux d’évaporation sous la base du nuage et de mélange avec l’humidité recyclée sont identifiés comme générateur d’une ambiguïté sur l’effet l’altitude, tandis que les processus de circulation atmosphérique régionale dominent les principaux modèles de variation des isotopes stables dans les trois stations. Le calcul de l’altitude de recharge des eaux souterraines varie dans une gamme très large, de 2,562 à 6,321 m asl d’altitude, ce qui pourrait être dû aux différent gradients isotopiques dans les bassins versants étudiés. Compte tenu des processus atmosphériques complexes qui affectent les isotopes dans les précipitations, l’échantillonnage des précipitations événementielles/mensuelles à plus de deux altitudes pendant au moins une année hydrologique complète est une exigence minimale pour établir un gradient isotopique raisonnable.

Resumen

El efecto de la altitud de los isótopos en las precipitaciones no es tan significativo en la vertiente de sotavento de una zona montañosa como lo es en la vertiente de barlovento, lo que dificulta el uso de isótopos en los lugares situados a sotavento, especialmente si se trata de estimar la elevación de la recarga de aguas subterráneas o de reconstruir paleoelevaciones. Se tomaron muestras de precipitación en tres estaciones con diferentes altitudes (2,306–3,243 m sobre el nivel medio del mar [m snm]) en el lado de sotavento de Meili Snow Mountains, en el sureste de la meseta tibetana, de agosto de 2017 a julio de 2018. Los gradientes de isótopos frente a la altitud se estimaron a partir de dos estaciones adyacentes en las escalas diaria, mensual y anual. La mayoría de los gradientes están más allá de los rangos globales de –0.5 a –0.1‰ por 100 m para δ18O y –5 a –1‰ por 100 m para δ2H, y algunos de los gradientes son incluso positivos. Los procesos locales de evaporación bajo las nubes y mezcla con humedad reciclada se identifican para el ambiguo efecto de altitud, mientras que los procesos de circulación atmosférica regional dominan los principales patrones de variación de isótopos estables en las tres estaciones. Se estima que la elevación de recarga de las aguas subterráneas se encuentra en un rango muy amplio, de 2,562 a 6,321 m snm, lo que podría deberse a las diferencias en el gradiente isotópico frente a la altitud en las cuencas estudiadas. Teniendo en cuenta los complejos procesos atmosféricos que afectan a los isótopos de precipitación, el muestreo de la precipitación basado en eventos/mensual en más de dos altitudes durante al menos un año hidrológico completo es un requisito mínimo para establecer un gradiente razonable de isótopos frente a la altitud.

摘要

降水同位素的高程效应在背风坡不像在迎风坡上那样显著,这使得在背风坡利用同位素变得困难,尤其是用于估算地下水补给高程或重建古高程。2017年8月至2018年7月,在梅里雪山东南侧背风面的三个不同高程(平均海拔2,306至3,243米之间)的站点采集了降水样品。基于相邻的两个站点,以日、月和年为尺度分别计算了同位素的高程梯度。大多数梯度超出了δ18O每100 m的全球变化范围–0.5至–0.1‰和δ2H每100 m的变化范围–5至–1‰,并且其中一些梯度甚至是正值。将高程效应不清晰的原因确定为云下蒸发和混合再循环水汽的局地过程所致,而区域大气环流过程则主导了三个站点稳定同位素变化的主要模式。地下水补给高程估计值差异非常大,在海拔2,562至6,321米之间,这可能是由于研究流域中同位素高程梯度的差异造成的。考虑到影响降水同位素的复杂大气过程,获取至少一个完整水文年的样品,采样频率为事件/月尺度,以及两个以上不同海拔高度站点的数据,是建立合理的同位素高程梯度的最低要求。

Resumo

O efeito da altitude sob os isótopos da precipitação não é tão significativo no lado sotavento de uma montanha quanto é no lado barlavento, o que dificulta a utilização dos isótopos nas faces de sotavento, especialmente na estimativa da elevação da recarga da água subterrânea ou na reconstrução das paleoelevações. Amostras da precipitação foram coletadas em três estações com diferentes elevações (2,306–3,243 m acima do nível médio do mar (anmm)) no lado de sotavento das Montanhas Meili Snow no sudeste do Planalto Tibetano de agosto de 2017 a julho de 2018. Os gradientes de isótopos vs. altitude foram calculados com base em duas estações adjacentes em escalas diária, mensais e anuais. A maioria dos gradientes estão acima da faixa global de –0.5 a 0.1‰ para cada 100 m para o δ18O e –5 a –1‰ para cada 100 m para o δ2H, sendo que alguns dos gradientes chegam a dar valores positivos. Processos locais de evaporação abaixo da base da nuvem e mistura com a umidade reciclada são identificados como um efeito altitude ambíguo, enquanto processos regionais de recirculação atmosférica dominam a maioria dos padrões de variação dos isótopos estáveis nas três estações. A elevação da recarga da água subterrânea é estimada em uma faixa de variação muito grande, entre 2,562 e 6,321 m (anmm), que podem ser causados pela diferença nos gradientes de isótopos vs. altitude nos locais estudados. Considerando os complexos processos atmosféricos afetando os isótopos da precipitação, a amostragem da precipitação baseada em eventos/mensal em mais de duas altitudes para ao menos um ano hidrológico completo é um requerimento mínimo para estabelecer um gradiente isótopos vs. altitude aceitável.

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The data used in this study can be found from the electronic supplementary material (ESM).

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Acknowledgements

The authors appreciate the discussions with Dr. Zhongyin Cai from Yunnan University.

Funding

This work was supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP) Grant No. 2019QZKK0904, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42077188), and the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS (2020067).

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Correspondence to Yanlong Kong.

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Kong, Y., Pu, T., Wang, K. et al. Ambiguity in the altitude effect of precipitation isotopes for estimating groundwater recharge elevation and paleoelevation reconstruction in the leeward side of a mountain. Hydrogeol J 31, 1259–1270 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-023-02639-0

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