Abstract
Beach recovery describes the processes by which there is a natural restoration of beach material and coastal morphology following storm events, and these processes are common across the globe. However, the effects of beach recovery on salinity distribution and solute transport in unconfined coastal aquifers are poorly understood. This study examined the changes in salinity distribution in tidally influenced aquifers in response to beach recovery, based on numerical modeling. The extent and location of the upper saline plume and saltwater wedge were found to vary with the beach recovery. The variations in salinity distribution directly changed the particle travel times in the aquifers. Compared with the erosion profile after the storm (storm profile), an increase of up to 743% of the particle travel time in the intertidal zone was observed when the beach recovered to a berm (silting) profile. The berm profile increased the residence time and peak concentration of the land-sourced solute plume in the beach aquifer compared with the storm profile. The berm profile also enhanced the aquifer–ocean mass exchange, resulting in increased intertidal saltwater infiltration and submarine groundwater discharge. On the other hand, the storm profile can generate much higher solute efflux than the berm profile. The storm profile is more favorable in diluting the land-sourced conservative solute and shortening its residence time in an aquifer.
Résumé
Le rétablissement de plages décrit les processus de restauration naturelle des matériaux des plages et de la morphologie côtière après des tempêtes, et ces processus sont courants dans le monde. Pourtant, les effets de la restauration des plages sur la répartition de la salinité et sur le transport de solutés dans les aquifères libres côtiers sont mal appréhendés. Sur la base d’une modélisation numérique, la présente étude a examiné les changements affectant la distribution de la salinité dans les aquifères influencés par la marée à la suite de la restauration des plages. On a constaté que l’extension et la localisation du panache de sel surincombant et du biseau salé variaient en fonction de la restauration du rivage. Les changements affectant la distribution de la salinité modifiaient directement le temps de trajet particulaire dans les aquifères. Par rapport au profil d’érosion après la tempête (profil de tempête), une augmentation atteignant 743% du temps de trajet particulaire dans la zone intertidale a été observée quand le rivage a retrouvé un profil de berme (ensablement). Le profil de berme a augmenté le temps de résidence et la concentration maximale du panache de soluté d’origine terrestre dans l’aquifère de la plage par rapport au profil de tempête. Le profil de berme a également renforcé l’échange massique aquifère-océan, ce qui se traduit par un accroissement de l’infiltration intertidale d’eau salée et une décharge sous-marine d’eau souterraine. D’autre part, le profil de tempête peut générer une émission de soluté beaucoup plus importante que le profil de berme. Le profil de tempête est plus propice à la dilution de soluté conservatif d’origine terrestre et écourte son temps de résidence dans l’aquifère.
Resumen
La recuperación de playas describe los procesos mediante los cuales se produce una restauración natural del material de la playa y de la morfología costera tras una tormenta, y estos procesos son comunes en todo el mundo. Sin embargo, no se conocen bien los efectos de la recuperación de las playas sobre la distribución de la salinidad y el transporte de solutos en acuíferos costeros no confinados. Este estudio examina los cambios en la distribución de la salinidad en acuíferos influenciados por las mareas en respuesta a la recuperación de las playas, basándose en modelos numéricos. Se observó que la extensión y localización de la pluma salina superficial y la cuña de agua salada variaban con la recuperación de la playa. Las variaciones en la distribución de la salinidad modificaron directamente los tiempos de desplazamiento de las partículas en los acuíferos. En comparación con el perfil de erosión tras la tormenta (perfil de tormenta), se observó un aumento de hasta el 743% del tiempo de viaje de las partículas en la zona intermareal cuando la playa se recuperó con un perfil de berma (sedimentación). El perfil de berma aumentó el tiempo de residencia y la concentración máxima de la pluma de solutos de origen continental en el acuífero de la playa en comparación con el perfil de tormenta. El perfil de berma también mejoró el intercambio de masas entre el acuífero y el océano, lo que se tradujo en un aumento de la infiltración de agua salada intermareal y de la descarga de aguas subterráneas submarinas. Por otro lado, el tipo de tormenta puede generar un eflujo de solutos mucho mayor que el tipo de berma. El perfil de tormenta es más favorable para diluir el soluto conservador de origen continental y acorta su tiempo de residencia en el acuífero.
摘要
海滩恢复是风暴事件后海滩物质组成和海岸形态的自然修复过程，这个过程在全球范围内很常见。然而，人们对海滩恢复对海岸非承压含水层中盐度分布和溶质运移的影响研究较少。本研究基于数值模型，探究了受潮汐影响的含水层中盐度分布对海滩恢复的响应。上层盐水羽流和盐水楔的范围和位置随着海滩恢复而变化。盐度分布的变化直接改变了质点在含水层中的运动时间。与风暴后的侵蚀剖面(风暴剖面)相比，当海滩恢复到滩肩(淤积)剖面时，可以观察到潮间带的质点的运动时间增加了743%。与风暴剖面相比，滩肩剖面增加了海滩含水层中陆源溶质团的停留时间和峰值浓度。滩肩剖面还增强了含水层与海洋的物质交换，导致潮间带盐水入渗和海底地下水排放的增加。另一方面，风暴剖面可以产生比滩肩剖面高得多的溶质外流。风暴剖面更有利于稀释陆源保守溶质，并缩短其在含水层中的停留时间。
Resumo
A recuperação de praia descreve os processos pelos quais há uma restauração natural do material da praia e da morfologia costeira após eventos de tempestade, e esses processos são comuns em todo o mundo. No entanto, os efeitos da recuperação de praia na distribuição de salinidade e no transporte de solutos em aquíferos costeiros não confinados são pouco compreendidos. Este estudo examinou as mudanças na distribuição de salinidade em aquíferos influenciados pelas marés em resposta à recuperação da praia, com base em modelagem numérica. Verificou-se que a extensão e a localização da pluma salina superior e da cunha de água salgada variam com a recuperação da praia. As variações na distribuição de salinidade alteraram diretamente os tempos de viagem das partículas nos aquíferos. Comparado com o perfil de erosão após a tempestade (perfil de tempestade), foi observado um aumento de até 743% no tempo de trânsito das partículas na zona entre marés quando a praia recuperou para um perfil de berma (assoreamento). O perfil da berma aumentou o tempo de residência e o pico de concentração da pluma de soluto de origem terrestre no aquífero da praia em comparação com o perfil da tempestade. O perfil da berma também melhorou a troca de massa do aquífero-oceano, resultando no aumento da infiltração de água salgada entre as marés e na descarga submarina de águas subterrâneas. Por outro lado, o perfil da tempestade pode gerar um efluxo de soluto muito maior do que o perfil da berma. O perfil da tempestade é mais favorável na diluição do soluto conservativo de origem terrestre e reduz seu tempo de residência em um aquífero.
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The authors acknowledge valuable comments from two anonymous reviewers and the editor, which led to significant improvement of the paper.
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This research was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFB2600200), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U2040204, 51979095). JK acknowledges the Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Province (2020).
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Chen, W., Kong, J., Wang, J. et al. Impact of sandy beach recovery on solute transport in coastal unconfined aquifers. Hydrogeol J 31, 1311–1330 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-023-02636-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-023-02636-3