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Mise-a-la-masse method, tracer tests and cave detection analysis of underground-river karst-conduit distribution and structure: a case study of the Dafengdong conduits in Guizhou Province, China

Mise à la masse, essais de traçage et détection de cavités pour l’analyse de la distribution et la structure des conduits karstiques parcourus par des rivières souterraines : une étude de cas des conduits de Dafengdong dans la province de Guizhou, Chine

Método del cuerpo cargado, pruebas de trazadores y análisis de detección de cavernas en la distribución y estructura de los conductos kársticos de ríos subterráneos: un estudio de caso de los conductos de Dafengdong en la provincia de Guizhou, China

采用Mise-a-la-mase方法、示踪试验和洞穴探测分析地下河岩溶管道分布和结构:中国贵州省大风洞案例研究

Método Mise-a-la-masse, testes de traçador e análise de detecção de cavernas da distribuição e estrutura de condutos cársticos de rios subterrâneos: um estudo de caso dos condutos Dafengdong na província de Guizhou, China

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Abstract

In karst areas, groundwater movement is dominated by conduit flow; thus, understanding the distribution and structure of karst conduits has great significance for water research, groundwater protection and engineering construction. With the Dafengdong (Guizhou Province, China) underground river karst as an example, a mise-a-la-masse method, tracer tests and cave detection were conducted to study the distribution and structure of karst conduits. Combined with information on the geological and hydrogeological conditions, the geological factors that form karst conduits were determined. It can be concluded that: (1) Under the influence of faults, karst conduits usually develop towards or along faults; (2) multiple karst conduits form easily on both sides of tectonic fracture zones; (3) both lithology and geological structure affect the formation of blue holes, and when the directions of karst conduits change, blue holes easily form in weak parts of the structure; (4) at springs where two aquifers intersect, with strong chemical dissolution of the lower karst aquifer and mechanical collapse of the upper aquifer, blue holes also form easily; and (5) integrated mise-a-la-masse method, tracer tests and cave detection can accurately discern the distribution and structure of karst conduits. Geological factors can be used to preliminarily delineate the distribution and structure of karst conduits in similar areas based on hydrogeological conditions. Such methods hold great significance for groundwater extraction and protection and engineering construction in karst areas.

Résumé

Dans les régions karstiques, l’écoulement de l’eau souterraine est dominé par les conduits ; de fait, la compréhension de la distribution et la structure des conduits karstiques a une grande importance pour la recherche d’eau, la protection des eaux souterraines et l’ingénierie de construction. Prenant la rivière souterraine karstique de Dafengdong (province de Guizhou, Chine) pour exemple, la méthode de mise à la masse, des essais de traçage et la détection de cavités ont été mis en œuvre pour étudier la distribution et la structure des conduits karstiques. Combinés avec des informations sur les conditions géologique et hydrogéologique, les facteurs géologiques qui forment les conduits karstiques ont été déterminés. Il peut être conclu que: (1) sous l’influence des failles, les conduits karstiques se développent habituellement vers ou le long des failles; (2) des conduits karstiques multiples se forment aisément de chaque côté des zones de fractures tectoniques; (3) à la fois la lithologie et la structure géologique affectent la formation de « blue holes » et, lorsque la direction des conduits change, les « blue holes » se forment aisément dans les parties fragiles de la structure; (4) les « blue holes » se forment aisément au niveau des sources où deux aquifères sont connectés, avec une forte dissolution chimique au sein de l’aquifère inférieur et un effondrement mécanique de l’aquifère supérieur ; (5) l’intégration de la méthode de mise à la masse, d’essais de traçage et de détection de cavités permet de discerner précisément la distribution et la structure des conduits karstiques. Ces facteurs géologiques peuvent permettre de délimiter de manière préliminaire la distribution et la structure des conduits karstiques dans des régions aux conditions hydrogéologiques similaires. De telles méthodes ont une grande importance pour l’exploitation des eaux souterraines, leur protection et l’ingénierie de construction dans les régions karstiques.

Resumen

En las zonas kársticas, el movimiento de las aguas subterráneas está dominado por el flujo en conductos; por lo tanto, comprender la distribución y la estructura de los conductos kársticos tiene una enorme importancia para la investigación del agua, la protección de las aguas subterráneas y la construcción en ingeniería. Tomando como ejemplo el karst del río subterráneo de Dafengdong (provincia de Guizhou, China), se llevó a cabo un método del cuerpo cargado, pruebas de trazadores y detección de cavernas para estudiar la distribución y la estructura de los conductos kársticos. En combinación con la información sobre las condiciones geológicas e hidrogeológicas, se determinaron los factores geológicos que forman los conductos kársticos. Se puede concluir que (1) Bajo la influencia de las fallas, los conductos kársticos suelen desarrollarse hacia o a lo largo de las mismas; (2) se forman fácilmente múltiples conductos kársticos a ambos lados de las zonas de fractura tectónica; (3) tanto la litología como la estructura geológica afectan a la formación de agujeros azules, y cuando las direcciones de los conductos kársticos cambian, los agujeros azules se forman fácilmente en las partes débiles de la estructura; (4) en los manantiales donde se cruzan dos acuíferos, con una fuerte disolución química del acuífero kárstico inferior y un colapso mecánico del acuífero superior, también se forman fácilmente agujeros azules; y (5) el método integrado del cuerpo cargado, las pruebas de trazadores y la detección de cavernas pueden discernir con precisión la distribución y la estructura de los conductos kársticos. Estos factores geológicos pueden delinear preliminarmente la distribución y la estructura de los conductos cársticos en zonas similares, basándose en las condiciones hidrogeológicas. Estos métodos tienen una enorme importancia para la extracción y protección de las aguas subterráneas y la construcción de ingeniería en las zonas kársticas.

摘要

在喀斯特地区,地下水运动以管道流为主;因此,了解岩溶管道的分布和结构对水资源研究、地下水保护和工程建设具有重要意义。以中国贵州省大风洞地下河岩溶为例,采用mise-a-la-masse方法、示踪试验和洞穴探测方法研究了岩溶管道的分布和结构。结合地质和水文地质条件信息,确定了形成岩溶管道的地质因素。可以得出以下结论:(1)在断层影响下,岩溶管道通常向断层或沿断层发育;(2)构造断裂带两侧易形成多条岩溶管道;(3)岩性和地质构造都影响蓝湖的形成,当岩溶管道的方向改变时,蓝湖很容易在构造的薄弱部位形成;(4)在两个含水层相交的泉水处,随着下部岩溶含水层的强烈化学溶解和上部含水层的机械坍塌,蓝湖也很容易形成;(5)综合mise-a-la-masse方法、示踪试验和洞穴探测可以准确地识别岩溶管道的分布和结构。这些地质因素可以根据水文地质条件初步刻画相似地区岩溶管道的分布和结构。这些方法对岩溶区地下水开采、保护和工程建设具有重要意义。

Resumo

Em áreas cársticas, o movimento das águas subterrâneas é dominado pelo fluxo de condutos; assim, a compreensão da distribuição e estrutura dos condutos cársticos tem grande importância para a pesquisa de água, proteção de águas subterrâneas e engenharia de construção. Com o carste do rio subterrâneo de Dafengdong (Província de Guizhou, China) como exemplo, o método mise-a-la-masse, testes de rastreamento e detecção de cavernas foram conduzidos para estudar a distribuição e estrutura dos condutos do carste. Combinados com informações sobre as condições geológicas e hidrogeológicas, foram determinados os fatores geológicos que formam os condutos cársticos. Pode-se concluir que: (1) Sob a influência de falhas, os condutos cársticos geralmente se desenvolvem em direção ou ao longo das falhas; (2) múltiplos condutos cársticos se formam facilmente em ambos os lados das zonas de fratura tectônica; (3) tanto a litologia quanto a estrutura geológica afetam a formação de buracos azuis, e quando as direções dos condutos cársticos mudam, buracos azuis se formam facilmente em partes fracas da estrutura; (4) nas nascentes onde dois aquíferos se cruzam, com forte dissolução química do aquífero cárstico inferior e colapso mecânico do aquífero superior, buracos azuis também se formam facilmente; e (5) o método integrado de mise-a-la-masse, testes de rastreamento e detecção de cavernas podem discernir com precisão a distribuição e a estrutura dos condutos cársticos. Esses fatores geológicos podem delinear preliminarmente a distribuição e estrutura de condutos cársticos em áreas semelhantes com base nas condições hidrogeológicas. Tais métodos têm grande importância para extração e proteção de águas subterrâneas e engenharia de construção em áreas cársticas.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge Guizhou Province for the funding of the Science and Technology Support Program (Project Number: Qiankehe Support [2021] General 474) and for the assistance provided by the Hydrogeology Bureau of CNACG during the tracer test process.

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Correspondence to Weihong Dong.

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Chen, Y., Dong, W., Ren, H. et al. Mise-a-la-masse method, tracer tests and cave detection analysis of underground-river karst-conduit distribution and structure: a case study of the Dafengdong conduits in Guizhou Province, China. Hydrogeol J 31, 589–600 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-023-02609-6

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