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The role of mineralogical studies in delineating the recharge area and groundwater circulation of Susuz springs, Central Taurus Belt, Turkey

Le rôle des études minéralogiques dans la définition de l’aire de recharge et de la circulation des eaux souterraines des sources Susuz, dans la Ceinture du Taurus Central, Turquie

El papel de los estudios mineralógicos en la delimitación de la zona de recarga y la circulación de las aguas subterráneas de los manantiales de Susuz, Central Taurus Belt, Turquía

矿物学研究在划定土耳其中Taurus带Susuz泉补给区和地下水循环中的作用

O papel dos estudos mineralógicos na delineação da área de recarga e da circulação da água subterrânea no manancial de Susuz, Cinturão Central Taurus, Turquia

Mineralojik çalışmaların beslenme alanı ve yeraltısuyu dolaşımını belirlemedeki rolü, Susuz kaynakları, Orta Toros karst kuşağı, Türkiye

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Abstract

Concentrated recharge is a unique characteristic of karst aquifers which results in a great amount of suspended matter being transported through the karst system. Investigation of the suspended substances gives information about the potential recharge area and water circulation in the aquifer system. To delineate the recharge area and groundwater circulation of the semiarid karst system associated with Susuz springs, Seydişehir, Turkey, the mineralogical compositions and textural properties of bedrock, spring sediment, and suspended particles were investigated, from coarser to finer scale by (1) petrographic thin sections, (2) X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and (3) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis methods. The findings from the petrographic thin section, XRD, and SEM analyses indicate that Susuz spring sediments include Eocene-aged planktonic foraminiferal fossils and smectite minerals, which were the main characteristics of the Çobanağacı Formation. The mineralogical studies found that ophiolite fragments from the Dipsiz Göl units were observed at the karst springs. The recharge area of the Susuz springs was delineated by overlapping the Çobanağacı Formation and Dipsiz Göl ophiolites over the isotope-derived recharge elevation map. Whisker calcite crystals and coccolith formation on the suspended particles reveal the dominance of caves and conduits inside the karst aquifer system.

Résumé

La recharge convergente est une caractéristique unique des aquifères karstiques, qui se traduit par un taux élevé des matières en suspension transportées dans le système karstique. L’étude des matières en suspension donne une information sur la zone de recharge potentielle et la circulation de l’eau dans le système aquifère. Pour définir la zone de recharge et de circulation des eaux souterraines du système karstique semi-aride associé aux Sources Susuz, Seydisehir, Turquie, la composition minéralogique et les propriétés texturales du sôcle, les sédiments de la source et les particules en suspension ont été étudiées, de l’échelle la plus grande à l’échelle la plus petite, par des analyses sur (1)lames minces pétrographiques) (2) diffractométrie aux rayons X (DRX) et (3) microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB). Les résultats issus de l’examen des lames minces pétrographiques, de la DRX et de la MEB indiquent que les sédiments de la source Susuz contiennent des foraminifères planctoniques fossiles d’âge éocène et des minéraux smectiques qui sont les caractéritiques principales de la formation Çobanağacı. Les études minéralogiques ont révélé que des fragments d’ophiolite provenant des unités de Dipsiz Göl ont été observés au droit des sources karstiques. L’aire de recharge des sources Susuz a été définie par superposition de la formation de Çobanağacı et des ophiolites de Dipsiz Göl sur la carte altimétrique de la recharge déduite des isotopes. Des cristaux de calcite à aiguilles et la formation de coccolithes sur les particules en suspension révèlent la dominance des cavités et des conduits à l’intérieur du système aquifère karstique.

Resumen

La recarga concentrada es una característica única de los acuíferos kársticos que da lugar a una gran cantidad de sustancias en suspensión que se transportan a través del sistema kárstico. La investigación de las sustancias en suspensión proporciona información sobre la zona de recarga potencial y la circulación del agua en el sistema acuífero. Para delinear el área de recarga y la circulación de las aguas subterráneas del sistema kárstico semiárido asociado a los manantiales de Susuz, en Seydişehir, Turquía, se investigaron las composiciones mineralógicas y las propiedades texturales del lecho rocoso, los sedimentos de los manantiales y las partículas en suspensión, desde la escala más gruesa a la más fina, mediante (1) secciones delgadas petrográficas, (2) difractómetro de rayos X (XRD) y (3) métodos de análisis de microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM). Los resultados de los análisis de secciones finas petrográficas, XRD y SEM indican que los sedimentos del manantial de Susuz incluyen fósiles de foraminíferos planctónicos de la edad del Eoceno y minerales de esmectita, que fueron las principales características de la formación de Çobanağacı. Los estudios mineralógicos descubrieron que en los manantiales kársticos se observaron fragmentos de ofiolita de las unidades de Dipsiz Göl. La zona de recarga de los manantiales de Susuz se delineó superponiendo la formación Çobanağacı y las ophiolitas Dipsiz Göl sobre el mapa de elevación de recarga derivado de los isótopos. Los cristales de calcita en forma de cresta y la formación de cocolitos en las partículas en suspensión revelan el predominio de cuevas y conductos dentro del sistema acuífero kárstico.

摘要

集中补给是岩溶含水层的一个独特特征,导致大量悬浮物通过岩溶系统运移。对悬浮物质的调查提供了有关含水层系统中潜在补给区和水循环的信息。为了划定与土耳其Seydişehir的Susuz泉相关的半干旱岩溶系统的补给区和地下水循环,研究了基岩、泉水沉积物和悬浮颗粒的矿物成分和从粗到细的结构特性,通过(1) 岩相薄切片,(2) X 射线衍射仪 (XRD),和 (3) 扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 分析方法。岩相薄片、XRD 和 SEM 分析结果表明,Susuz 泉沉积物包括始新世浮游有孔虫化石和绿土矿物,这是 Çobanağacı 地层的主要特征。矿物学研究发现,在岩溶泉中观察到了来自 Dipsiz Göl 地层单元的蛇绿岩碎片。 Susuz 泉的补给区是通过将Çobanağacı 地层和 Dipsiz Göl 蛇绿岩重叠在同位素衍生的补给高程图上来划定的。晶须方解石晶体和悬浮颗粒上的球石形成揭示了岩溶含水层系统内洞穴和管道的主导地位。

Resumo

A recarga concentrada é uma característica única dos aquíferos cársticos, o que resulta em uma grande quantidade de matéria suspensa sendo transportada pelo sistema cárstico. A investigação de substâncias suspensas concede informações sobre a área de recarga potencial e da circulação de água no sistema aquífero. Para delinear a área de recarga e a circulação da água subterrânea do sistema cárstico semiárido associado com o manancial de Susuz, Seydişehir, Turquia, a composição mineralógica e as propriedades texturais da rocha, sedimentos de rio, e partículas suspensas foram investigadas, de uma escala mais grosseira para uma mais fina, pelos métodos de análise de (1) lâmina petrográfica, (2) difração de raios-X (DRX), e (3) microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). Os achados das análises de lâmina petrográfica, DRX e MEV indicam que os sedimentos do manancial de Susuz incluem fósseis de foraminíferos planctônicos do Eoceno e minerais de esmectita, que eram as principais características da formação Çobanağacı. Os estudos mineralógicos mostram que fragmentos de ofiolitos da formação Dipsiz Göl foram observados no manancial cárstico. A área de recarga do manancial Susuz foi delineado a partir da sobreposição da formação the Çobanağacı e os ofiolitos Dipsiz Göl sobre o mapa de elevação da recarga obtido por isótopos. A formação de cristais aciculados de calcita e de coccólitos nas partículas suspensas revelam a dominância de cavernas e dutos dentro do sistema aquífero cárstico.

Özet

Konsantre beslenme, karst akiferlerine özgü bir beslenme biçimi olup yüksek miktarda askı maddenin karst sistemin içerisine taşınmasına olanak tanımaktadır. Bu askı maddelerin araştırılması potansiyel beslenme alanının ve yeraltısuyu dolaşımının belirlenmesi hakkında önemli bilgiler verebilmektedir. Bu kapsamda Türkiye, Seydişehir, Susuz kaynakları ile ilişkili olan yarı-kurak karst sisteminin beslenme alanının ve yeraltısuyu dolaşımının belirlenmesi için ana kayaç, kaynak sedimanı ve askı maddelerin mineralojik özellikleri ve dokusal özellikleri kabadan inceye (1) petrografik ince kesit, (2) x-ray difraktometresi (XRD) ve (3) taramalı elektron mikroskopisi (SEM) yöntemleri kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Petrografik ince kesit, XRD ve SEM sonuçları Susuz kaynak sedimanlarının Eosen yaşlı planktonik foreminifer fosilleri ve simektit grubu kil mineralleri içeren Çobanağacı formasyonu ile ilişkili olduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Mineralojik çalışmalar kaynak sedimanlarında Dipsiz Göl ofiyolit birimine ait parçacıkların bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Susuz kaynaklarının beslenme alanı, Dipsiz Göl ofiyolitleri ile Çobanağacı formasyonunun izotop verileri ile elde edilmiş beslenme yüksekliği haritası ile üst üste çakıştırılması sonucunda ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Askı maddelerde gözlenen whisker kalsit kristalleri ve kokolit oluşumları karst sisteminde mağara ve kanal baskın bir ortama işaret etmektedir.

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Acknowledgements

We give special thanks to Dr. Ercüment Sirel (Ankara University) and Dr. Ali Deveciler (MTA) for their contributions during the paleontological studies, and project scholars Ebru Türkmenoğlu, Erdem Yüksel Yıldırım, Refikcan Gürses, Seyit Altın, Barış Papila, and Şevval Keskin (Ankara University) for their contributions during the tracer experiments, and Mrs. Kübra Özdemir Çallı (TU Dresden) for her contributions and recommendations.

Funding

This study has been supported by Ankara University Scientific Research Projects, Project No. 16B0443007 and 22Ö0443001, TÜBİTAK project No. 114Y709, and TÜBİTAK project No. 120Y300.

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Çelik, M., Çallı, S.S. & Karakaş, Z.S. The role of mineralogical studies in delineating the recharge area and groundwater circulation of Susuz springs, Central Taurus Belt, Turkey. Hydrogeol J 30, 2399–2415 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-022-02561-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-022-02561-x

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