Abstract
Proper assessment of mixing with shallow groundwater is key to understanding the state and hydrochemical composition of deep groundwater. Each tracer technique (hydrochemistry, isotopes, temperature, etc.) used to evaluate mixing has its own applicability and disadvantages. Microorganisms in groundwater record the environment they experience and respond quickly to environmental changes, making them potential tracers. Three groups of groundwater (nine samples) from three different hydrogeological conditions in a hydrothermal system in Suining (southern China) were selected and assessed as a case study. The three groups of groundwater have similar hydrochemical types, but the chemical compositions are different. Moreover, the deep warm groundwater experiences a temperature of 66.5–74.6 °C and a circulation depth of 1.93 km. Species-level operational taxonomic unit (OTU) classification and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed for the microorganisms. Although Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria are dominant, the microbial communities are significantly different in the three groups of groundwater. Moreover, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria and Cyanobacteria are positively correlated with Na+, SO42–, Cl– and F–, as well as the corresponding OTUs at the species level. The ratio of geothermal water mixed with shallow groundwater is evaluated by water chemistry (Cl–, SO42– and Na+) and the average value is 46.46%, while the mixing ratio evaluated by the microbial community is 44.68 and 43.71% at the phylum and species level, respectively. Similar assessment results indicate that the microbial community can be used as an effective tracer to estimate the mixing of deep geothermal water with shallow groundwater.
Résumé
Une évaluation correcte du mélange avec les eaux souterraines peu profondes est essentielle pour comprendre l’cétat et la composition hydro-chimique des eaux souterraines profondes. Chaque technique de traçage (hydrochimie, isotopes, température, etc.) utilisée pour évaluer le mélange a ses propres contraintes d’application et ses inconvénients. Les micro-organismes présents dans les eaux souterraines enregistrent l’environnement auquel ils sont confrontés et réagissent rapidement aux changements environnementaux, ce qui en fait des traceurs potentiels. Trois groupes d’eaux souterraines (neuf échantillons) provenant de trois conditions hydrogéologiques différentes dans un système hydrothermal à Suining (sud de la Chine) ont été sélectionnés et évalués comme étude de cas. Les trois groupes d’eaux souterraines ont des faciès hydro-chimiques similaires, mais leurs compositions chimiques sont différentes. De plus, les eaux souterraines chaudes profondes sont soumises à une température de 66.5–74.6 et une profondeur de circulation de 1.93 km. Une classification des unités taxonomiques opérationnelles (UTO) au niveau de l’espèce et une analyse en composantes principales (ACP) ont été réalisées sur les micro-organismes. Bien que les protéobactéries et les cyanobactéries soient dominantes, les communautés microbiennes sont significativement différentes dans les trois groupes d’eaux souterraines. De plus, les firmicutes, fusobactéries et cyanobactéries sont positivement corrélées avec Na+, SO42–, Cl– et F–, ainsi qu’avec les OTUs correspondants au niveau de l’espèce. Le ratio d’eau géothermale mélangée aux eaux souterraines peu profondes est évalué grâce à la composition chimique des eaux (Cl–, SO42– et Na+); sa valeur moyenne est de 46.46%, tandis que le ratio de mélange évalué par l’analyse de la communauté microbienne est de 44.68% au niveau de l’embranchement et de 43.71% au niveau de l’espèce. Des résultats d’évaluation similaires indiquent que la communauté microbienne peut être utilisée comme un traceur efficace pour estimer le mélange entre de l’eau géothermale profonde et des eaux souterraines peu profondes.
Resumen
La evaluación adecuada de la mezcla con las aguas subterráneas superficiales es clave para comprender el estado y la composición hidroquímica de las aguas subterráneas profundas. Cada técnica de seguimiento (hidroquímica, isótopos, temperatura, etc.) utilizada para evaluar la mezcla tiene su propia aplicabilidad y desventajas. Los microorganismos de las aguas subterráneas registran el entorno que experimentan y responden rápidamente a los cambios ambientales, lo que los convierte en trazadores potenciales. Se seleccionaron tres grupos de aguas subterráneas (nueve muestras) de tres condiciones hidrogeológicas diferentes en un sistema hidrotermal en Suining (sur de China) y se evaluaron como caso de estudio. Los tres grupos de aguas subterráneas tienen tipos hidroquímicos similares, pero las composiciones químicas son diferentes. Además, las aguas subterráneas cálidas profundas experimentan una temperatura de 66.5–74.6 y una profundidad de circulación de 1.93 km. Se realizó una clasificación de unidades taxonómicas operativas (OTU) a nivel de especie y un análisis de componentes principales (PCA) para los microorganismos. Aunque las Proteobacterias y las Cianobacterias son dominantes, las comunidades microbianas son significativamente diferentes en los tres grupos de aguas subterráneas. Además, los Firmicutes, las Fusobacterias y las Cianobacterias están positivamente correlacionados con el Na+, el SO42–, el Cl– y el F–, así como con las correspondientes OTU a nivel de especie. La proporción de agua geotérmica mezclada con agua subterránea poco profunda se evalúa por la química del agua (Cl–, SO42– y Na+) y el valor medio es del 46.46%, mientras que la proporción de mezcla evaluada por la comunidad microbiana es del 44.68% y del 43.71% a nivel de filo y de especie, respectivamente. Resultados de evaluación similares indican que la comunidad microbiana puede utilizarse como un trazador eficaz para estimar la mezcla del agua geotérmica profunda con el agua subterránea superficial.
摘要
正确评估深层与浅层地下水的混合是了解深层地下水状态和水化学成分的关键。用于评估混合的各种示踪技术(水化学、同位素、温度等)都有其适用性和不足。地下水中的微生物记录它们所经历的环境并对环境变化做出快速反应,使其成为潜在的示踪剂。选取遂宁(中国南方)热液系统中三种不同水文地质条件的三组地下水(9 个样本)作为案例研究进行评估研究。三组地下水的水化学类型相似,但化学成分不同。此外,深层热水的温度为66.5–74.6 °C,循环深度为1.93 km。对微生物进行了物种层面操作分类单元(OTU)分类和主成分分析(PCA)。虽然变形菌和蓝细菌占优势,但三组地下水的微生物群落存在显著差异。此外,厚壁菌门、梭杆菌门和蓝藻门与 Na+、SO42–、Cl– 和 F– 以及相应的 OTU 在物种层面上呈正相关。水化学(Cl–、SO42–和Na+)评价地热水与浅层地下水的混合比例平均值为46.46%,而微生物群落评价的混合比例在门和种水平上分别为44.68%和43.71%。类似的评估结果表明,微生物群落可以作为一种有效的示踪剂来估计深层地热水与浅层地下水的混合。
Resumo
A avaliação adequada da mistura com águas subterrâneas rasas é fundamental para entender o estado e a composição hidroquímica das águas subterrâneas profundas. Cada técnica de traçador (hidroquímica, isótopos, temperatura, etc.) usada para avaliar a mistura tem sua própria aplicabilidade e desvantagens. Microrganismos em águas subterrâneas registram o ambiente que vivenciam e respondem rapidamente às mudanças ambientais, tornando-os potenciais rastreadores. Três grupos de águas subterrâneas (nove amostras) de três condições hidrogeológicas diferentes em um sistema hidrotermal em Suining (sul da China) foram selecionados e avaliados como um estudo de caso. Os três grupos de águas subterrâneas têm tipos hidroquímicos semelhantes, mas as composições químicas são diferentes. Além disso, as águas subterrâneas quentes e profundas experimentam uma temperatura de 66.5 a 74.6 °C e uma profundidade de circulação de 1.93 km. A classificação da unidade taxonômica operacional (UTO) em nível de espécie e a análise de componentes principais (ACP) foram realizadas para os microrganismos. Embora Proteobacteria e Cyanobacteria sejam dominantes, as comunidades microbianas são significativamente diferentes nos três grupos de águas subterrâneas. Além disso, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria e Cyanobacteria estão positivamente correlacionados com Na+, SO42–, Cl– e F–, assim como as UTOs correspondentes em nível de espécie. A proporção de água geotérmica misturada com águas subterrâneas rasas é avaliada pela química da água (Cl–, SO42– e Na+) e o valor médio é de 46.46%, enquanto a proporção de mistura avaliada pela comunidade microbiana é de 44.68% e 43.71% no filo e nível de espécie, respectivamente. Resultados de avaliação semelhantes indicam que a comunidade microbiana pode ser usada como um traçador eficaz para estimar a mistura de águas geotérmicas profundas com águas subterrâneas rasas.
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Adiaratou, T., Mao, X., Feng, L. et al. Use of microbial communities to assess the mixing of deep and shallow groundwater: case study from southern China. Hydrogeol J 30, 2299–2313 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-022-02555-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-022-02555-9