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Geochemical and isotopic multi-tracing (δ18O, δ2H, δ13C, Δ14C) of groundwater flow dynamics and mixing patterns in the volcanoclastic aquifer of the semiarid San Juan del Río Basin in central Mexico

Multitraçage géochimique et isotopique (δ18O, δ2H, δ13C, Δ14C) de la dynamique d’écoulement des eaux souterraines et des modèles de mélange dans l’aquifère volcanoclastique du bassin semi-aride de San Juan del Río au Mexique central

Análisis geoquímico y multitrazado de isótopos (δ18O, δ2H, δ13C, Δ14C) para entender la dinámica de aguas subterráneas y patrones de mezcla de agua en el acuífero volcanoclástico de la cuenca semiárida de San Juan del Río en el centro de México

墨西哥中部半干旱San Juan del Río盆地火山碎屑含水层地下水流动动力和混合模式的地球化学和同位素多重示踪(δ18O, δ2H, δ13C, Δ14C)

Multitraçamento geoquímicos e isotópico (δ18O, δ2H, δ13C, Δ14C) da dinâmica do fluxo de águas subterrâneas e padrões de mistura no aquífero vulcanoclástico da bacia semiárida de San Juan del Río no México central

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Abstract

Water supply in semiarid areas in Mexico depends on water extraction from compartmentalized aquifers where large drawdown rates can be observed due to increasing demand from urban, industrial and agricultural users. Understanding the behavior of these aquifers is a necessity in order to improve the estimation of water balances. Accordingly, this study assembles both geochemical and isotopic data to identify the source of recharge to the San Juan del Río graben aquifer and to determine its dynamics. The geological model developed with the aforementioned data reveals a complex system composed of a heterogeneous multilayered compartmentalized aquifer. The San Juan del Rio basin is composed of (1) the Amealco perched aquifer, (2) a shallow granular aquifer, and (3) a fractured aquifer. Hydrogeochemical and isotopic data (δ2H, δ18O, δ13C and correct carbon activity (Δ14C)) allow for identification of three end-member sources: (1) local meteoric recharge, (2) old groundwater contained in the siliciclastic shallow aquifer, and (3) regional/local hydrothermal recharge. The contribution of both meteoric and regional hydrogeothermal flow to the different aquifer compartments is determined through a principal component analysis of the hydrogeochemical data. With the aforementioned analysis it was found that the dominant contribution source for all aquifer compartments is meteoric water (up to 60% with a median of 50%), while the regional hydrothermal groundwater contribution represents 15%, even for the shallow aquifer.

Résumé

L’approvisionnement en eau dans les zones semiarides du Mexique dépend de l’extraction de l’eau d’aquifères compartimentés où l’on observe des taux de rabattement importants en raison de la demande croissante des utilisateurs urbains, industriels et agricoles. Comprendre le comportement de ces aquifères est une nécessité afin d’améliorer l’estimation des bilans hydriques. Par conséquent, cette étude rassemble des données géochimiques et isotopiques pour identifier la source de recharge de l’aquifère du graben de San Juan del Río et pour déterminer sa dynamique. Le modèle géologique développé à partir des données susmentionnées révèle un système complexe composé d’un aquifère hétérogène multicouche compartimenté. Le bassin de San Juan del Rio est composé (1) de l’aquifère perché d’Amealco, (2) d’un aquifère granulaire peu profond, et (3) d’un aquifère fracturé. Les données hydrogéochimiques et isotopiques (δ2H, δ18O, δ13C and 14C) permettent d’identifier trois sources de membres finaux: (1) la recharge météorique locale, (2) les anciennes eaux souterraines contenues dans l’aquifère silicoclastique peu profond, et (3) la recharge hydrothermale régionale/locale. La contribution du flux météorique et hydrogéothermal régional aux différents compartiments de l’aquifère est déterminée par une analyse en composantes principales des données hydrogéochimiques. Avec l’analyse susmentionnée, il a été constaté que la source de contribution dominante pour tous les compartiments de l’aquifère est l’eau météorique (jusqu’à 60% avec une médiane de 50%), tandis que la contribution des eaux souterraines hydrothermales régionales représente 15%, même pour l’aquifère peu profond.

Resumen

El suministro de agua en las zonas semiáridas de México depende de la extracción de agua de acuíferos compartimentados, los cuales muestran altas tasas de abatimiento ocasionadas por el aumento de extracción por usuarios urbanos, industriales y agrícolas. Entender el comportamiento de estos acuíferos es necesario para mejorar la estimación de los balances hídricos. Debido a lo anterior, este estudio reúne datos geoquímicos e isotópicos para identificar la fuente de recarga del acuífero del graben de San Juan del Río y determinar su dinámica hidrológica. El modelo geológico desarrollado con los datos anteriormente mencionados revela un sistema estructural y estratigráfico complejo, compuesto por un acuífero compartimentado multicapa y heterogéneo. La cuenca de San Juan del Río está compuesta por (1) el acuífero colgado Amealco, (2) un acuífero granular poco profundo y (3) un acuífero fracturado. Los datos hidrogeoquímicos e isotópicos (δ2H, δ18O, δ13C and 14C) permiten identificar tres fuentes principales de recarga: (1) una recarga meteórica local, (2) aguas subterráneas antiguas contenidas en el acuífero superficial silicoclástico y (3) recarga hidrotermal regional/local. La contribución de cada fuente en los diferentes compartimentos acuíferos se determina a través de un análisis de componentes principales de los datos hidrogeoquímicos. Con el análisis antes mencionado se encontró que la fuente de aporte dominante para todos los compartimentos acuíferos es el agua meteórica (hasta un 60% con una mediana de 50%), mientras que el aporte hidrotermal regional de aguas subterráneas representa un 15%, incluso para el acuífero somero.

摘要

墨西哥半干旱地区的供水依赖于分段含水层的取水，且由于城市、工业和农业用户的需求增加，可以观察到大幅度的下降速率。为了改进对水平衡的估计，了解这些含水层的行为是必要的。因此，本研究汇集了地球化学和同位素数据，以确定San Juan del Río地堑含水层的补给源并确定其动态。利用上述数据建立的地质模型揭示了由非均质多层分段含水层组成的复杂系统。San Juan del Rio 盆地由 (1) Amealco 上层滞水含水层、(2) 浅层粒状含水层和 (3) 裂隙含水层组成。水文地球化学和同位素数据(δ2H, δ18O, δ13C and 14C)可以识别三个端元来源:(1)局部大气补给，(2)硅碎屑浅层含水层中的老地下水，以及 (3)区域/局部热液补给。通过水文地球化学数据的主成分分析确定大气和区域水热流对不同含水区的贡献。通过上述分析发现，所有含水区的主要贡献来源是大气水(高达 60%，中位数为 50%)，而区域热液地下水贡献占 15%，即使对于浅层含水层也是如此。

Resumo

O abastecimento de água em áreas semiáridas no México depende da extração de água de aquíferos compartimentados, onde grandes taxas de rebaixamento podem ser observadas devido à crescente demanda de usuários urbanos, industriais e agrícolas. Compreender o comportamento desses aquíferos é uma necessidade para melhorar a estimativa dos balanços hídricos. Assim, este estudo reúne dados geoquímicos e isotópicos para identificar a fonte de recarga para o aquífero de San Juan del Río e determinar sua dinâmica. O modelo geológico desenvolvido com os dados supracitados revela um sistema complexo composto por um aquífero compartimentalizado multicamadas heterogêneas. A bacia de San Juan del Rio é composta por (1) o aquífero suspenso Amealco, (2) um aquífero granular raso e (3) um aquífero fraturado. Dados hidrogeoquímicos e isotópicos (δ18O, δ2H, δ13C, Δ14C) permitem a identificação de três fontes de membros finais: (1) recarga meteórica local, (2) águas subterrâneas antigas contidas no aquífero silicoclástico raso e (3) recarga hidrotermal regional/local. A contribuição do fluxo meteórico e hidrogeotérmico regional para os diferentes compartimentos aquíferos é determinada através de uma análise de componentes principais dos dados hidrogeoquímicos. Com a análise citada acima verificou-se que a fonte de contribuição dominante para todos os compartimentos aquíferos é a água meteórica (até 60% com mediana de 50%), enquanto a contribuição hidrotermal regional das águas subterrâneas representa 15%, mesmo para o aquífero raso.

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Acknowledgements

This research is part of the first author’s PhD project in the framework of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM) Postgraduate Program. We thank Comité Técnico de Aguas Subterráneas SJR, Junta de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado Municipal SJR, and Comisión Estatal de Aguas Querétaro for sharing information and logistical support. We thank Carolina Muñoz for assistance at the Crustal Fluid Laboratory and Pedro Morales, Francisco Otero, and Edith Cienfuegos for technical assistance with the δ2H–δ18O analyses at the Laboratorio Universitario de Geoquímica Isotópica, and also Octavio Velázquez at Beta Analytics Laboratory in Miami, USA for the 14C and δ13C analyses and support.

Funding

The research was funded by CONACYT grant CB-255070 to G. Levresse.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Posgrado en Ciencias de la Tierra, Centro de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blvd. Juriquilla No. 3001, C.P. 76230, Querétaro, México

    Eliseo Hernández-Pérez & Andrea Billarent-Cedillo

  2. Centro de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blvd. Juriquilla No. 3001, C.P. 76230, Querétaro, México

    Gilles Levresse, Jaime Carrera-Hernandez, Marina Vega-González, Fernando Corbo-Camargo & Dora Celia Carreón-Freyre

  3. Departamento de Geología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana, 3918, Ensenada, Baja California, México

    Claudio Inguaggiato

  4. Comité Técnico de Aguas Subterráneas del acuífero de San Juan del Rio, Querétaro, México

    Francisco Javier Sancén Contreras & Cynthia Paola Ramírez Hernández

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  1. Eliseo Hernández-Pérez
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Correspondence to Gilles Levresse.

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Francisco Javier Sancén Contreras is deceased

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Hernández-Pérez, E., Levresse, G., Carrera-Hernandez, J. et al. Geochemical and isotopic multi-tracing (δ18O, δ2H, δ13C, Δ14C) of groundwater flow dynamics and mixing patterns in the volcanoclastic aquifer of the semiarid San Juan del Río Basin in central Mexico. Hydrogeol J 30, 2073–2095 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-022-02536-y

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